突现的标准和分类

Criteria and Taxonomy for Emergence

在关于突现的讨论中,有四个特征反复出现:突现来源于其他事物,相对于其产生而来的事物具有某种新颖性、自主性,并且表现出一种整体性的形式。这四个特征使我们能够理解如何利用一组核心特征来描述不同的突现,以及随着这些核心特征的精确化,对于突现的描述是如何产生现有的多种突现进路。突现的分类有两个维度:第一个维度是关系维度,建立在突现实体和产生该突现实体的实体之间的关系之上,并形成本体论进路、推理进路和概念进路三种进路;第二个维度在于历时突现和共时突现的区别,构成了突现分类学的时间维度。

There are four features that recur again and again in discussions of emergence. Emergent features result from something else, they possess a certain kind of novelty with respect to the features from which they develop, they are autonomous from the features from which they develop, and they exhibit a form of holism. These four features give us a way to understand how otherwise disparate accounts of emergence seem to be drawing on a core group of features;and how, as those core features are made precise, the accounts of emergence diverge to produce the multiplicity of approaches to emergence that we now have. The classification of emergence is two dimensional. The first dimension of emergence is the relational dimension, it is based on relations between the emergent entity and the entities with respect to which it is emergent. There are three divisions in this dimension;ontological approaches, inferential approaches, and conceptual approaches. The second dimension of emergence rests on the distinction between diachronic emergence and synchronic emergence. This constitutes the temporal dimension of our taxonomy.