有机肥长期替代化肥对水稻产量及土壤养分的影响

Effects of Long-term Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers withOrganic Fertilizers on Rice Yield and Soil Nutrient

【目的】研究不同比例有机肥长期替代化肥对水稻产量及土壤养分的影响,为黄壤地区实现化肥减施增效提供参考。【方法】依托农业农村部贵州耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站的长期定位试验,选取常规化肥(NPK)、低量有机肥替代化肥(1/4M+3/4NP)、中量有机肥替代化肥(1/2M+1/2NP)、全量有机肥替代化肥(M)和全量有机肥化肥配施(MNPK)5个试验处理,分析不同有机肥长期替代化肥对土壤养分、水稻产量及稳定性的影响,明确黄壤地区适宜的有机无机肥配施比例。【结果】与常规化肥(NPK)处理相比,施用有机肥的各处理水稻产量提高3.82%~24.97%,增产幅度为MNPK>1/4M+3/4NP>1/2M+1/2NP>M;各处理水稻产量稳定性为1/4M+3/4NP>MNPK>1/2M+1/2NP>M>NPK;施用有机肥及有机无机配施较单施化肥可显著增加土壤中有机质、全氮、速效钾及有效磷含量;水稻有效穗数与产量呈极显著正相关,水稻产量与有效磷含量显著正相关,有效穗数则与土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量呈显著正相关。【结论】有机肥长期替代化肥可提高土壤养分含量,实现水稻增产,提升产量稳定性和可持续性,以低量有机肥替代化肥的施肥方式最佳。

【Objective】In order to provide a reference for realizing chemical fertilizer reduction and efficiency in yellow soil areas,the effects of long-term replacement of chemical fertilizer with different application ratios of organic fertilizer on rice yield and soil nutrient are studied.【Method】Relying on the long-term location experiment of Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation and Agricultural Environment(Guizhou),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,five experiment treatments are selected,including conventional chemical fertilizer(NPK),low application level of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer(1/4M+3/4NP),moderate application level of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer(1/2M+1/2NP),full organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer(M)and combined application of full organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer(MNPK),to analyze the effects of long-term replacement of chemical fertilizer with different organic fertilizers on soil nutrient,rice yield and stability,and to clarify the appropriate combined application ratio of organic and chemical fertilizer in yellow soil areas.【Result】Compared with NPK treatment,the yield of rice applied with organic fertilizer increases by 3.82%—24.97%,and the increase rate follows MNPK>1/4M+3/4NP>1/2M+1/2NP>M.The rice yield stability of each treatment is 1/4M+3/4NP>MNPK>1/2M+1/2NP>M>NPK.Organic fertilizer and combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer increase organic matters,total N,available K and available P content in soil significantly compared with that of applied sole chemical fertilizer.The effective spike of rice is positively and very significantly related with yield,rice yield is positively and significantly related with available P content,effective spikes is positively and significantly related with soil organic matters,total N and available K content.【Conclusion】Longterm replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer can increase soil nutrient content,increase rice yield,improve yield stability and sustainability.And the fertilization pattern of low application level of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer is the optimum.