基于恢复力的半干旱矿区生态系统退化风险空间评估

Spatial assessment of ecosystem degradation risk in semi-arid mining area based on resilience indicators

黄河流域中段位于黄土高原地区,煤炭生产基地集聚,是黄河流域高质量发展和生态保护的重点区域,生态保护和修复问题受到广泛重视。实施空间精准的生态退化控制与保护,必须考虑生态系统的恢复力。为此,开发基于恢复力的半干旱矿区生态系统退化风险空间评估方法为黄河流域煤炭基地生态系统保护提供技术支撑。以陕西省神木市煤炭基地为研究区,通过综合考虑生态系统多变量之间的相互控制关系,选取恢复力的关键影响因素。基于GIS和突变级数方法评估研究区生态系统恢复力,并建立生态退化风险分级标准,识别生态系统退化风险区域。研究结果表明:①研究区生态系统的关键要素包括水文、地形地貌、土壤和植被群落,这些要素决定了生态系统的功能、结构与恢复力。研究区生态脆弱,大部分地区生态系统恢复力指数很低,仅沟谷地带及零星的高植被覆盖区恢复力指数较高;②生态退化风险等级由高到低排序为:风沙草滩区>黄土丘陵区>黄河沿岸土山石区,中高风险区的面积较大;③黄河流域中段的煤炭基地受到气候变化与采矿活动的双重扰动,生态环境脆弱,空间异质性大,应成为黄河流域生态保护的重点区域,需要制定空间精细化的生态保护与退化控制策略。通过生态系统恢复力的空间评估,可以发现矿区生态系统退化风险和关键因素,有助于制定差异化的生态保护与退化控制策略。

The middle section of the Yellow River Basin is located in the Loess Plateau,where coal production bases are concentrated.It is a key area for high-quality development and ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin.Ecological protection and restoration issues have received extensive attention.To implement spatially precise ecological degradation control and protection,the resilience of the ecosystem must be considered.For this object,this paper develops a resilience-based spatial assessment method of ecosystem degradation risk in semi-arid mining areas to provide technical support for the protection of the ecosystem of the coal base in the Yellow River Basin.This paper takes the coal base in Shenmu City,Shaanxi Province as the research area,and selects the key influencing factors of resilience by comprehensively considering the mutual control relationship among the multivariable ecosystems.Based on the GIS and mutation stage methods,the ecosystem resilience of the study area is evaluated,and the ecological degradation risk classification standard is established to identify the ecosystem degradation risk area.The research results show that:①the key elements of the ecosystem in the study area include hydrology,topography,soil and vegetation communities,which determine the function,structure and resilience of the ecosystem.The study area is ecologically fragile,and most areas have a low ecosystem resilience index.Only gully areas and sporadic areas with high vegetation coverage have higher resilience indexes.②The risk level of ecological degradation is ranked from high to low regionally as wind-sand-grass beach area>loess hilly area>soil,mountain and rock area along the Yellow River,the area of medium and high risk area is relatively large.③The coal base in the middle section of the Yellow River Basin is disturbed by climate change and mining activities,the ecological environment is fragile,and the spatial heterogeneity is large.It should become the ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin.For key areas,it is necessary to formulate some spatially refined ecological protection and degradation control strategies.Through the spatial assessment of ecosystem resilience,the risks and key factors of ecosystem degradation in mining areas can be found,which helps to formulate some differentiated ecological protection and degradation control strategies.