生物菌肥和钾肥配施对苹果钾素吸收及果实品质的影响

Effects of combined biological fertilizer and potassium fertilizer on potassium absorption and fruit quality of apple

为了研究生物菌肥和钾肥对苹果果实品质及生长发育的协同作用,以7 a生‘瓦里短枝’(Vallee spur Del)为研究对象,设置T1(K_(2)O 420 kg·hm^(-2))、T2(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm^(-2))、T3(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm^(-2)+K_(2)O 294 kg·hm^(-2))、T4(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm^(-2)+K_(2)O 420 kg·hm^(-2))、T5(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm^(-2)+K_(2)O 546 kg·hm^(-2))和CK(不施肥)6个处理,研究了不同施肥处理对苹果钾素吸收、土壤酶活性、根际微生物数量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)与T1相比,T3、T4及T5显著提高了果园钾肥农学效率、钾肥贡献率和钾肥偏生产力(P<0.05),但T4和T5差异不显著。(2)各处理不同器官中钾素累积量大小顺序依次为T5>T4>T3>T1>T2>CK,T4和T5差异不显著,但均显著高于其它处理(P<0.05)。(3)生物菌肥和钾肥配施后显著提高了土壤蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶活性和根际土壤细菌、放线菌及真菌的数量(P<0.05),但T3、T4及T5之间差异不显著(P<0.05)。(4)配施后显著提高了0~120 cm土层内根系活力(P<0.05),显著提高了果实的平均单果重、可溶性固形物含量、Vc含量及果实硬度(P<0.05),但T4和T5差异不显著(P<0.05)。(5)果实单果重、可溶性固形物含量及Vc含量均与土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性呈显著正相关。综上,生物菌肥2520 kg·hm^(-2)+K_(2)O 420 kg·hm^(-2)是试验区合理的施肥量,能有效提高钾肥利用效率,提高土壤肥力和改善果实品质。

To study the synergistic effects of biological fertilizer and potassium(K)fertilizer on the quality,growth,and development of apple fruit,7-year-old Vallee spur Del was selected as the research object.Six treatments,including T1(420 kg·hm^(-2)of K_(2)O),T2(2520 kg·hm^(-2)of biological bacterial fertilizer),T3(2520 kg·hm^(-2)of biological bacterial fertilizer+294 kg·hm^(-2)of K_(2)O),T4(2520 kg·hm^(-2)of biological bacterial fertilizer+420 kg·hm^(-2)of K2O),T5(2520 kg·hm^(-2)of biological bacterial fertilizer+546 kg·hm^(-2)of K_(2)O),and CK(No biological bacterial fertilizer and potassium sulfate)were set up to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on K uptake,soil enzyme activity,rhizosphere microorganism quantity,and apple fruit quality.The results showed as follows:(1)T3,T4,and T5 significantly increased K agronomic efficiency,K contribution rate,and K partial productivity compared with T1(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between T4 and T5.(2)The order of K accumulation in different organs was T5>T4>T3>T1>T2>CK.T4 and T5 had no significant difference but were significantly higher than other treatments(P<0.05).(3)The activities of soil sucrase,polyphenol oxidase,alkaline phosphatase,urease,as well as the number of bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi in rhizosphere soil significantly increased after combined application of biological bacterial fertilizer and K fertilizer(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference among T3,T4,and T5(P<0.05).(4)The root activity in 0~120 cm soil layer,average single fruit weight,soluble solid content,Vc content,and fruit firmness were significantly increased(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between T4 and T5(P<0.05).(5)The single fruit weight,soluble solid content and Vc content were positively correlated with soil microbial quantity and soil enzyme activity.In conclusion,the biological fertilizer of 2520 kg·hm^(-2)+K_(2)O of 420 kg·hm^(-2)was a reasonable amount of fertilizer application in the test area,which effectively improved the utilization efficiency of Kfertilizer,soil fertility,and fruit quality.