马克思的异化观:从早期到后期

Marx's View on Alienation:From Early to Late Period

学术界近年来对马克思的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的异化理论又有了一些新的探讨。不同以往的是,这些探讨力图将异化理论纳入历史唯物主义之中,但在这些探讨中存在着对于唯物史观理解上的偏差,因而,对于异化理论的重新评价也可能存在偏差。不可否认的是,马克思虽然在其思想发展过程中断然放弃了《手稿》中的关于人的本质异化的理论,但在分析资本主义经济关系中并没有完全放弃"异化"这一概念。马克思在后期则是认为异化的产生和消灭都要受制于生产力的发展及其所引起的分工的发展;异化及其克服本身不再是历史的力量,不再是一种本体论层次上的解释性因素,而只是一种现象学层面上的描述性因素。

In recent years, there have been some new discussions on the theory of alienation in Karl Marx’s The Economical and Philosophical Manuscript in 1844(《1844年经济学哲学手稿》). These discussions seek to incorporate the theory of alienation into historical materialism, however, there is a deviation in the understanding of historical materialism in these discussions, which may directly lead to a deviation in the reevaluation of the theory of alienation. It is undeniable that although Marx resolutely gave up the theory about the alienation of human essence in the development of his thought, he did not completely give up the concept of "alienation" in his analysis of capitalist economic relations. Nevertheless in his late period, Marx believed that the emergence and elimination of alienation are subject to the development of productive forces and its resultant development of division of labor. Alienation with its being overcome was no longer a historical force, nor was it an explanatory factor at the ontological level, but a descriptive factor at the phenomenological level.