青年马克思的公民浪漫主义--再论《论犹太人问题》

Marx's“Citoyenromantik”:A Critical Re-reading of On the Jewish Question

马克思在《论犹太人问题》中所论及的政治解放实际上基于一个理论虚构,即政治国家作为普遍性领域与市民社会的分离,这是黑格尔为了拯救共和主义的普遍政治理想所作出的理论建构。马克思拒绝了黑格尔为实现这一目的所作的制度设想,却将这一分离当成一个前提用以论证政治解放。马克思的最终目的当然是要批判并超越政治解放,但基于这一错误的范式对现代国家的理解陷入了一种公民浪漫主义。只有当他真正确立了历史唯物主义立场并认识到政治国家不过是市民社会的表现形式并被后者所决定,这-一难题才被真正克服。

The political emancipation demonstrated by Karl Marx in his On the Jewish Question(《论犹太人问题》) was actually based on a theoretical fiction, which was the separation of political state as a universal domain from civil society. This separation was a theoretical construction made by Hegel to realize the universal political ideal in a republicanist sense, instead of a proper description of the modern state. But Marx rejected Hegel’s institutional design which was intended to reach this goal, and adopted this separation as a premise to demonstrate political emancipation. Marx’s ultimate goal was to repudiate and transcend political emancipation. But he fell into Citoyenromantik(公民浪漫主义) in his understanding of the modern state, because he based himself on such an incorrect mode. Only when he really established his historical materialist stance and came to realize that political state was nothing but a manifestation of civil society which determined it, and therefore abandoned Hegel’s dualistic framework, was this difficult problem completely resolved.