错误结婚的法律效力反思

Reflection on the Legal Effects of Mistaken Marital Acts

无论是2001年《婚姻法》还是我国《民法典》均未对错误婚姻行为之效力做出规制。身份法律行为与财产法律行为同为民事法律行为制度的重要组成部分,当身份行为产生错误,而亲属法未予以规定时,能否适用民事法律行为中有关意思表示瑕疵之规则,学者之间存在巨大争议。目前有关错误婚姻效力的八种学说都存在问题。对于错误婚姻,当然能够适用民事法律行为中有关意思表示错误的相关规定。但是,考虑到维护家庭秩序和登记公示的权威,只有错误类型严重影响当事人产生结婚合意的方可予以撤销,且撤销权人要承担举证责任。此外,对另一方患有重大疾病产生误认的,应适用《民法典》第1053条,而不应当适用错误婚姻制度。对于不影响当事人产生结婚合意的错误,属于单纯的动机错误,不得撤销,婚姻仍然有效。

Neither the Marriage Law of 2001 nor the Civil Code of China regulates the effect of mistaken marital acts.As the legal act of identity is an important part of the civil legal act system along with the legal act of property,there is a great controversy among scholars as to whether the rules on defective expression of intent in the civil legal act can be applied when the act of identity is erroneous and is not regulated by the kinship law.The eight doctrines on the validity of mistaken marriages are all problematic.In the case of a mistaken marriage,the relevant provisions of the civil legal act regarding the error of intention can be applied.However,in consideration of maintaining family order and the authority of public registration,only the type of error can be revoked if it seriously affects the parties'consent to marry,and the burden of proof is on the revocation authority.In addition,the misunderstanding of the other party suffering from a serious illness should be applied to Article 1053 of the Civil Code,and the system of mistaken marriage should not be applied.For mistakes that do not affect the parties'consent to marry,they are simple mistakes of motive and shall not be revoked,and the marriage shall remain valid.