Clinical and scientific innovations in auditory brainstem implants

The auditory brainstem implant(ABI)was originally developed to provide rehabilitation of retrocochlear deafness caused by neurofibromatosis type 2(NF2).Recent studies of the ABI have investigated outcomes in non-NF2 cohorts,such as patients with cochlear nerve aplasia or cochlear ossification and more recently,intractable tinnitus.New technologies that improve the ABI-neural tissue interface are being explored as means to improve performance and decrease side effects.Innovative discoveries in optogenetics and bioengineering present opportunities to continually evolve this technology into the future,enhancing spatial selectivity of neuronal activation in the cochlear nucleus and preventing side effects through reduction in activation of non-target neuronal circuitry.These advances will improve surgical planning and ultimately improve patients1 audiological capabilities.ABI research has rapidly increased in the 21st century and applications of this technology are likely to continually evolve.Herein,we aim to characterize ongoing clinical,basic science,and bioengineering advances in ABIs and discuss future directions of this technology.