论一般人格权条款与具体人格权条款的规范适用关系

On the Relationship between the Application of the General Clauses and that of the Specific Ones of Personality Rights

我国民法典规定的一般人格权条款与具体人格权条款的规范适用关系,应当以二者的保护领域与事实构成不同而区分为三种类型。在具体人格权条款就特定人格权的保护存在明确规定,且其基本构造与一般人格权条款的价值基础相吻合时,应排除一般人格权条款的适用,以维护法律规则适用的确定性并防止司法实践向一般性条款逃逸。在具体人格权条款就特定人格利益的保护完全没有规定时,因为并不存在请求权基础聚合或竞合的问题,应唯一性地通过一般人格权条款涵摄相应人格利益。当具体人格权条款与一般人格权条款在保护领域与事实构成上交叉重合时,若具体人格权条款的具体构造与一般人格权彰显的基本价值如人格尊严、人格自由存在冲突时,此时应将一般人格权条款与具体人格权条款结合起来,通过一般人格权条款所明确宣示出来的人格尊严、人格自由发展完善具体人格权条款,使人格权保护体系的内在价值与外在规则构造相互融贯,助益于立法者保护自然人人格尊严这一立法目的的落实。

Three types of relationship exist in the application of the general clauses and of specific ones of personality rights in the Civil Code according to their respective scope of protection and factual compositions.If the specific clauses provide explicit protection of particular personality rights,they shall prevail over the general ones in their application to prevent the judicial practice from resorting to the latter.In the absence of the protection of particular personality rights by the former,there will be neither overlap nor competition in the foundation for the right of claim,and the corresponding personality interests should be solely covered through the latter.When the two intersect and overlap in the scope of protection and factual compositions,if the former have factual compositions that are in conflict with the basic values of the latter such as human dignity,personal liberty,then the former should be integrated with the latter in application,so as to improve the former through the stated values of the latter.Only through the integration of the intrinsic values of personality rights protection with the external compositions of rules will the legislative purpose be put to practice of protecting a natural person’s rights.