美国法律域外适用的历史源流与现代发展——兼论中国法域外适用法律体系建设

The Origin and Modernization of Extraterritoriality in the American Judiciary:With Reflections on the Extraterritorial Application of Chinese Laws

一国法律的适用范围时常超过本国领土的范围。从19世纪的严格领土性理念,到20世纪的行为效果地规则,再到21世纪初的反域外性假定,美国法律域外适用体系的发展和演变与美国国家实力的变化密切相关。美国法律域外适用的基础是:争议条款具有域外特征,立法机构具有明确授权,域外对象具有实质关联。实践中,可引入"真实联系"与"虚假冲突"测试,辅之正当程序权利保障机制,避免国家滥用域外管辖权。中国法域外适用法律体系的建设应遵循历史发展周期,重视立法先行,并在域外管辖权的行使中引入合理性原则。

The application of a national law sometimes exceeds the territory of a nation.Historically,the extraterritorial application of American law is closely connected with its change of national power,starting from its adoption of strict territorial jurisdiction in the 19 th century,to the doctrine of"effects"in the 20 th century,and to the presumption against extraterritoriality in the 21 st century.For the extraterritorial application of American law,there exist three foundations:the law shall be of foreign concern;a legal authorization shall be the intent of the Congress;a real and substantial connection shall exist between America and the subject matter.In the judicial practice,the extraterritorial application can be prevented from being abused by the introduction of the tests of"real connection"and"false conflict,"as well as by the mechanism of due process.Learning from the American experience,China,as an emerging power,in constructing a system for the extraterritorial application of China laws,shall attach importance to legislation in the first place,and then respect the principle of reasonableness in the application.