清洁电力生产的生态效益评价方法研究

Method for Assessing Ecosystem Service Values of Clean Electricity Generation

清洁电力替代化石能源是应对全球气候变化的重要途径,不同电力生产方式的生态足迹差异会影响区域和全球生态系统服务。清洁电力生产的生态效益评价尽管很受重视,但是尚缺少一种定量方法。从电力生产基地直接和虚拟占地方面评价生态足迹,结合4种生态系统服务功能综合评价电力生产基地的生态影响,构建针对清洁电力生产的生态效益评价方法。基于全球能源互联网发展合作组织2050年全球清洁电力基地规划情况的研究发现:(1)水能、风能和光伏基地对土地利用的影响面积分别为52.9万、0.339万和1.94万km2;(2)发展水电、风电和光伏发电对拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的调节服务、北美和南亚的供给服务影响最大,中东和北非发展风电和光伏发电对整体生态系统服务功能影响不大,全球清洁电力生产生态效益最大的区域为中国及周边,最小的为澳大利亚、新西兰和日本;(3)相较传统火电,每1 GWh清洁电力带来约44万美元的生态效益。所构建的清洁电力生态系统服务价值评估模型将生态足迹的直接和间接影响进行统一,具有跨区域、跨类型对比的特性,为未来的能源发展生态效益评价提供了一种新思路。

Developing clean electricity to replace fossil fuels is an important way to tackle global climate change. Different electricity generation methods have different impacts on the ecological footprint, influencing regional and global ecosystem services. Despite much attention, there is still a lack of quantitative methods to evaluate the ecological benefits of electricity generation. In this study, the impact of power bases on ecosystem services was comprehensively evaluated from the ecological footprint, through which we established an ecological benefit assessment model for clean electricity generation. Based on the distribution of different types of power bases globally in 2050 of GEIDCO, the following results are observed.(1) The affected land area of typical clean power bases(hydro, wind, and solar power) is quantified, which are 5.29×105, 3.39×103, and 1.94×104 km2, respectively.(2) The development of hydropower bases has the largest impact on the regulation services in the Middle East and North Africa(MEA). The development of wind and solar power bases has the largest impact on supply services in North America and South Asia;however, it has little impact on ecosystem services in MEA. In 2050, the ecological benefits of clean electricity generation will have the highest value in Centrally planned Asia and China and the lowest in the Pacific OECD. It can be suggested to strengthen the construction of clean electricity for MEA and reduce expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean.(3) Compared with traditional power, 1 GWh of clean power generated annually has an ecological benefit of approximately 440 000 US dollars. In this study, we built a clean electricity ecosystem services value evaluation model, which has characteristics of cross-region and cross-type comparison, and provided a new way to evaluate ecological benefits in the future development of energy evaluation.