不同燃料路径氢燃料电池汽车全生命周期环境影响评价

Life-cycle Assessment of Environmental Impact of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles with Different Fuel Pathways

氢燃料电池汽车续航里程长、能量转换效率高,其燃料可通过可再生能源电解水制取。氢燃料电池汽车的推广应用将促进电力系统消纳不稳定的可再生能源电力。已有文献缺乏对氢燃料生产、储运等不同路径的环境影响全生命周期综合分析。考虑中国当前主要的制氢、输氢和发电技术,根据不同技术组合设计17条氢燃料路径,通过GREET软件对这些路径的生命周期环境影响进行核算。研究表明:路径3(可再生能源发电制氢+液氢槽车输氢)和路径16(可再生能源发电+输电+现场制氢)的环境影响最小,低于纯电动车路径(混合发电+锂离子电动车)和汽油内燃机车路径的环境影响。未来需要进一步降低可再生能源发电制氢的成本,提升这些路径的经济性,从而推动燃料电池汽车低环境影响路径的应用。

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles(FCVs) have a long driving range and high energy-conversion efficiency. The fuel can be produced by electrolyzing water with renewable energy. The FCV promotion and application will promote the consumption of unstable electricity generated by renewable energy, thus improving the renewable energy consumption rate. Existing research lacks a comprehensive life-cycle assessment analysis of the environmental impact of hydrogen fuel production, storage, and transportation. In this study, 17 hydrogen fuel pathways were designed based on different technology combinations, including hydrogen production, hydrogen transportation, and electricity production. Using the GREET software, the life-cycle environmental impacts of these pathways were calculated. The results show that Pathways 3(renewable energy power generation + liquid hydrogen tank car hydrogen transmission) and 16(renewable energy power generation + power transmission + on-site hydrogen production) have the least environmental impact, which are lower than those of battery electric vehicles(electricity from the grid + lithiumion electric vehicle) and internal combustion engine vehicles. In the future, to promote the application of those pathways with low life-cycle environmental impact, it is necessary to further reduce the cost of renewable energy power generation and hydrogen production by water electrolysis.