农村互助养老的合作生产何以可能——内生需求和外部激励的必要性

How to Promote Coproduction of Rural Mutual Services Among Older People--The Necessity of Internal Demand and External Incentive

我国农村互助养老的成长基因来自乡土文化的传承和基层治理的创新,但在典型特征上与合作生产模式具有高度的契合性。随着全国的复制推广,农村互助养老在实践中面临着一系列问题,突出表现为未能有效构建起合作生产行为的发生机制。我国农村互助养老合作生产困境的根源在于:农村老年人的内生性需求与表达性需求存在矛盾,利他和利己参与动机均不明显;供给型互助养老模式回应性不足,容易滑向低效率陷阱,并养成其他行为主体的服从和依赖;村庄精英虽然更具政治效能感且有能力将自上而下的政府动员转化为自下而上的榜样力量,但其示范效应尚未得到充分发挥。为此,应给予基层政府更多的自主权,通过“上下共管”提供更具回应性的互助养老服务;在政府承担农村互助养老主导责任的同时,充分发挥村庄精英的示范激励作用;将农村幸福院发展成为福利资源吸纳和辐射的组织平台。

The rural mutual service model among older people in China is rooted in the inheritance of the traditional rural culture and the innovation of the grassroots governance,and it is well-matched with the co-production model in terms of typical features.Nevertheless,with its prevalence at a national level,the rural mutual service model among older people is confronted with a series of problems in practice.One of the most prominent issues is the absence of a scientific mechanism to trigger the co-producing actions.The roots of the predicament of the co-production of the rural mutual service model among older people in China are as follows.First,the endogenous and expressive demands of older people in rural areas are inconsistent and both the selfish and selfless participation motivations are not apparent.Second,the supply-oriented model is not so responsive which is likely to generate poor efficiency and dependence of older people.Third,although the village elites with a higher sense of political efficacy are able to transform the top-down government mobilization into the bottom-up examples,their demonstration effect is not fully shown in practice.Therefore,more attention should be paid to those as follows.First,more autonomy should be given to the local government by way of"top and down co-governance"to provide more responsive mutual services among older people.Then,the village elites should be encouraged to play their demonstration effect accompanied by a leading government.Last,the rural happiness house should be developed as an organized platform to receive and distribute welfare resources.