资源、生计与族群:清至民国时期青海湖湟鱼的捕捞与运销

Resources,livelihood and ethnic groups:the fishing,transportation and marketing of Gymnocypris przewalskiiin Qinghai Lake from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

清至民国时期青海湖裸鲤鱼陆续有"无鳞鱼""黄鱼""湟鱼"三种名称。蒙古族是清代捕捞湟鱼的主要人群,民国中后期湟源县的汉人成为后来居上的捕鱼群体,湖周部分藏族民众则是特殊的捕捞者。共同捕捞湟鱼、谋求生计是推动蒙、藏、汉族群之间产生"同化"现象的重要原因。"同化"既有"蒙番(藏)汉化",也有"汉人蒙化""汉人番化"。多民族的共同参与,促进了青海湖湟鱼资源的开发利用。

From Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, Gymnocyprisprzewalskii in Qinghai Lake successively had three names:the scaleless fish, the Yellow fish(due to the color of the fish)and the Huang fish(fish being relevant to Huangyuan County).Mongolians were the main people who caught Gymnocyprisprzewalskii in Qing Dynasty.In the middle and late Republic of China, the Han people in Huangyuan County became the main fishing group in the late period of the Republic of China, while some Tibetan people around the lake were special fishermen. To catch Gymnocyprisprzewalskii together and make a living was an important reason to promote the "assimilation" effect among Mongolian, Tibetan and Han groups.It included a variety of situations, such as "The Mongolian and Tibetan cultural assimilation to the Han people" and "The Han’s cultural assimilation to the Mongolian and Tibetan ethnic group". At the same time, the joint participation of multi-ethnic groups also promoted the development and utilization of Gymnocyprisprzewalskii resources in Qinghai Lake.