环境经济学视角下我国南美白对虾不同养殖模式成本收益比较研究

Comparison of costs and benefits of different culture models of Penaeus vannamei in China from the perspective of environmental economics

20世纪80年代以来我国水产养殖业发展迅速,为渔民创收的同时也带来一系列内源性污染。本文以实地调研为基础,通过物料平衡法测定南美白对虾养殖对水体的环境影响,分别比较三种养殖模式的传统经济学与环境经济学视角下成本收益差异。分析结果表明:(1)三种养殖模式的养殖过程中产生的氮(N)、磷(P)污染物由高到低依次是工厂化养殖模式、高位池养殖模式、土池养殖模式。(2)传统经济学成本收益分析角度下,三种养殖模式的总成本费用中占比最大的是饲料费用。成本收益率由高到低依次是高位池养殖模式、工厂化养殖模式、土池养殖模式(3)环境经济学成本收益分析角度下,三种养殖模式的成本收益率均有所下降,其环境经济学成本收益率由高到低依次是高位池养殖模式、工厂化养殖模式、土池养殖模式。三种养殖模式中,高位池养殖模式无论是传统经济学成本收益率还是环境经济学成本收益率都最高,盈利能力最强。最后根据结论提出增加养殖户养殖效益,减少水产养殖污染的相关建议。

Since the 1980 s, China’s aquaculture industry has developed rapidly. While creating income for fishermen, it also brings a series of endogenous pollution. Based on the field investigation, the material balance method is used to determine the environmental impact of Penaeus vannamei culture on water body, and the traditional and environmental economic cost-effectiveness of the three culture models are compared. The results showed that:(1) Among the three culture methods, the nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) pollutants produced in the breeding process are successively from high to low: factory farming, high-pond farming and earth-pond farming.(2) According to the cost-benefit analysis of traditional economics, among the total costs of the three culture models, the feed cost takes up the largest proportion. The cost-benefit ratio from high to low are advanced pond culture mode, factory culture mode and soil pond culture mode.(3) From the cost-benefit analysis of environmental economics, the cost-benefit ratios of the three farming methods are all reduced, but the cost-benefit ratio of high-level pond farming is still the highest, followed by factory farming and pond farming. Among the three farming modes, the advanced pond farming mode has the highest rate of return on cost and the highest profitability in traditional economics or environm ental economics. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to improve the culture efficiency and reduce the pollution of the culture industry.