海事法院扩大审理海事刑事案件的司法构建与立法完善——以海洋环境犯罪为切入点

Judicial construction and legislative improvement of the trial of maritime criminal cases by maritime courts--taking marine environmental crime as the break point

随着海洋产业的发展,海洋环境遭到破坏的案例渐增且影响广泛,引发的纠纷存在司法管辖差异明显、裁判尺度不一等问题。海洋环境犯罪具有入刑难、证据收集难、涉外性等特点,海事法院扩大审理海事刑事案件具有必要性与可行性,海事法院三审合一有利于整合司法资源、统一裁判标准。对此,在司法构建上,海警局应为侦查机关,由海事法院本部所在地的市级人民检察院作为公诉机关,并建议设立海事刑事案件公诉处。在立法上,考虑在《中华人民共和国刑法》中完善污染海洋环境犯罪的犯罪构成、量刑及适用,增设相关罪名;《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》第4条应当对应增加“海事行政、海事刑事纠纷”。

The number of cases of marine environment damage is increasing and the impact is extensive with the development of marine industry.There are obvious differences in the jurisdiction and diversity of judgment scales in these disputes.The characteristics of the marine environmental crime are:the crime is difficult to be punished,the evidence is hard to collect,and the crime is foreign-related.It is necessary and feasible for the maritime court to expand the trial of maritime criminal cases.The combination of three trials is conducive to the integration of judicial resources and the unification of judgment standards.Therefore,in judicial construction,the marine police bureau should be the investigation organ,the Municipal People’s Procuratorate where the maritime court is located should be the public prosecution organ,and it is suggested that the public prosecution department of maritime criminal cases should be established.In terms of legislation,we should consider perfecting the constitution,sentencing and application of the crime of polluting the marine environment in the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China,and adding related charges.In addition,the corresponding Article 4 of the Special Maritime Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China should be amended to incorporate“maritime administrative and maritime criminal disputes”.