试述雍正帝对三大御用造办机构的整顿与管理

On Emperor Yongzheng′s Rectification and Management of the Three Imperial Workshop Establishments

雍正帝对御用造办机构的管理在清代宫廷工艺美术史上有着深远影响,是研究清代宫廷工艺美术史的重要内容。为了营造不事奢华、不喜"玩好"之物的明君形象,雍正帝将个人对各类器物的需求置于相对隐蔽的状态中,主要依靠养心殿造办处、江西烧造磁器处、江南三织造这三大御用造办机构的制作来满足。他采取的主要措施有:对养心殿造办处进行机构扩充,严格钱物管理,确立多重核查,实行与地方分担养赡南匠的制度;对江西烧造磁器处,取消"安尚义效力处",将御用瓷器的烧造事务交由淮安关监督进行管理,其烧造费用与窑工用银由税关银内支出;对江南三织造,缩短官员任期,削减职能范围,同时减少织造费用、缩短核销周期。这些措施不仅加强了对这些机构的管理与控制,还有力地配合了他所推行的吏治改革。

Emperor Yongzheng’s management of the Imperial workshop establishments had a profound influence on the history of court arts and crafts in the Qing Dynasty,and was an important part of the research on the history of court arts and crafts in the Qing Dynasty.In order to create the image of sensible emperor who is not luxurious and does not like"playthings",Emperor Yongzheng relied onmainly the Yangxindian Manufactural Office and Jiangxi Porcelain Making Office,and three weaving officesin Jiangnan to meet his personal needs for various utensils in a relatively hidden state.The main measures he took included the organizational expansion of the Yangxindian Manufactural Office,strict management of money and material,establishment of multiple verifications,and implementation of a system of sharing and supporting southern craftsmen with local governments;abolishing the"An Shangyi Service Division"of Jiangxi Porcelain Manufacturing Office whose affairs were supervised and managed by Huai’an Customs,the production costs and the kiln workers‘wages were paid from the tax customs bank;shortening the term of office of officialsof the three weaving officesin Jiangnan,reducing their scope of functions,together with reduced weaving costs and shortened verification cycle.These measures not only strengthened his management and control of these institutions,but also effectively cooperated with the reforms in the administration of officials he promoted.