基于样本科学的生物样本库建设

Specimen science-guided construction of biobanks

生物样本库在现代临床与基础医学研究中的作用日趋重要,基于临床生物样本资源的研究日益增多,这极大推动了转化医学研究前进的步伐.当前国内外样本库建设更关注生物样本的标准化、规范化、信息化管理,但临床生物样本的精度、活性及多维度利用对于临床诊疗及后续科学研究具有重要意义.换言之,未来生物样本库的"内涵"建设更需要聚焦于样本本身的科学研究,即样本科学.因此,在精准医学时代背景下基于精准样本科学的生物样本库建设变得更加迫切.目前,基于样本本身的科学研究正处于探索阶段,本文从精准样本科学角度入手,以动静脉中样本组分以及肿瘤不同部位之间的差异为例,归纳了目前针对不同样本来源部位的样本科学研究进展;同时针对生物样本活性,阐述了样本采集及后续处理环节对于保持其样本活性及发挥后续治疗与科研作用的重要性.本文旨在倡导基于临床样本的精准度与活性的样本科学研究,提出"一样多用"以及"多样一用"的多维度利用模式,倡导一种基于精准样本科学带动下的新型生物样本库建设模式.

Biological samples are known to be essential for clinical diagnosis of various diseases.They are also extremely valuable for subsequent scientific studies to unravel the mystery of illnesses.Translational medicine is an interdisciplinary field to discover new diagnostic tools and treatments by combining clinical science with basic biomedical research.Biological studies in translational medicine are increasingly dependent on large numbers of relevant specimens.Biobanks are established to collect,store,and deliver such complex specimens to meet clinical and research needs.Biobanks are biorepository facilities capable of storing large numbers of specimens.Most domestic and foreign biobanks utilize different degrees of standardization and automation to index and organize the large numbers of biological samples.It remains a challenge to accurately store various biological samples while maintaining their original biological characteristics to meet the demands of precision medicine and basic scientific research.This article focuses on current efforts in the construction and operation of biobanks to maintain accuracy and serve the complex requirements of clinical diagnosis and basic research.Firstly,the importance of sample collection,transportation,processing,storage,and information management are discussed.We emphasize the integration of clinical information and scientific research data as an essential part of biobanks.Secondly,we summarize how to maintain the biological integrity of various biological samples such as arterial and venous blood and various tissue samples.More specifically,(1)peripheral blood samples are important sources of material for liquid biopsies,while blood samples during surgeries are often collected from arteries of patients.In addition,there are significant differences in both cellular and non-cellular components between blood from arteries and veins.Therefore,it is important to differentiate these two blood samples.(2)Tissue samples are notoriously heterogenic,in particular for tumors and symmetrical organs.Thirdly,we discuss biological activities of specimens to support chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapies,organoid establishment,exosome functional studies,and patient-derived tumor xenograft(PDX)animal models.Finally,we try to explore a multi-dimensional utilization of biological samples and aim to achieve"One specimen for multiple purposes"and"Multiple specimens for one purpose"management models as an important part of the new discipline of sample science and cryobiology.The ultimate goal is to utilize biobanks in an accurate and precise manner to aid the advancement of precision medicine and basic biological research efforts.The large number of human biological specimens managed by biobanks is poised to be an integral part of future translational medicine and fundamental biomedical research.