摘要
Recent observations are discovering more and more galaxies that do not fit in the conventional Hubble classification scheme [1]. Locally, the SDSS survey has discovered a population of massive red spirals(e.g., ref. [2]) with stellar masses above 1010.5 solar masses. At redshift 1 to 3, a study[3] using the CANDLES survey data found that for massive galaxies with stellar mass M > 1011 solar masses, 18% of the quiescent galaxies are disc dominated with specific star formation rates below 10-10 per year.
