病毒疫苗的研发现状及展望

Current status and prospect of viral vaccines research and development

病毒感染可引起人体多种疾病的发生,近年来冠状病毒引起的呼吸道传染病,特别是新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)在世界范围内的暴发和流行,严重威胁了人类的生命健康,对公共卫生安全造成了巨大挑战。病毒疫苗的研发和使用是应对病毒传播与流行的重要手段。脊髓灰质炎、乙型肝炎病毒等病毒疫苗的成功研制和应用有效地抑制了疾病的流行,为其他病毒疫苗的开发提供了范本。重组病毒载体及mRNA疫苗等新技术和新平台的出现,为包括COVID-19在内的新兴传染病病毒疫苗的研发提供了新的解决方案。本文主要综述了目前病毒疫苗的主要研发平台及其相关进展,并总结了病毒疫苗研发中仍亟待解决的问题,对未来病毒疫苗的发展方向进行展望。

Virus infection can cause several diseases in human.In the past decades,outbreaks and epidemics of respiratory infectious diseases caused by coronary viruses,especially coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),have become serious health hazards and posed huge challenges to public health.The development and application of viral vaccines have been an important means to counteract the spread of viruses.Historically,poliovirus and hepatitis B virus vaccines have successfully suppressed the transmission of diseases and provided a model for the development of vaccines.Recently,the emergence of novel technologies and platforms such as recombinant viral vector and mRNA vaccine has provided new approaches to the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases including COVID-19.This paper reviews the current situation and progress of platforms,summarizes problems to be solved,and forecasts the directions of viral vaccines development.