民间文学艺术专有权及其实现机制

The Exclusive Right of Folklore and Its Realization Mechanism

立法保护民间文学艺术,促进其传承和发展,是一个国家或地区提升其文化软实力的法律体现。我国民间文学艺术法律保护应采取特殊权利模式,专有权拟以规定精神权利(维护民间文学艺术传统和习惯权、表明来源权和保护民间文学艺术表现形式完整权)为宜。以此为基础禁止未标明来源的使用行为,禁止歪曲、篡改或贬损,禁止超越传统或习惯的范围进行使用,以及其他损害行为。其专有权的行使主体,应设计传承人代表制度,由传承人代表族群行使该权利,不仅可以控制其保护成本的外溢,也可以鼓励传承人积极地传承和发展,也符合其集体性、传统性和变异性的特点。

The legal protection of folklore is related to the inheritance and development of folklore,which represents legally nation or region’s elevating cultural soft strength.The legal protection mode of folklore in China should take the special rights mode.Setting moral rights in proprietary rights which include the rights to maintain tradition and custom of folklore,to mark origin and to protect complete forms of folklore,is suitable as basis to prohibit usage without marking origin,distortion,altering or trashing folklore,usage beyond the range of tradition or custom and other behaviors that damage the rights belonged to the person with exclusive rights of folklore.As to the exercise subject of folklore exclusive rights,inheritor representative system should be designed.Under this system,inheritors represent ethnic groups to exercise the rights.It can not only control overflow of the protection cost and encourage inheritors to inherit and develop folklore but also satisfies the collective,traditional,variable characteristics of folklore.