兴屯实边:清末川边农业垦殖研究(1903-1911)

Defending Border Area Through Reclamation:Study on Agricultural Reclamation at the Sichuan Border Area During the Late Period of Qing Dynasty(1903-1911)

川边兴垦是清廷应对藏地边疆危机的重要举措。川边农业垦殖首先在川藏官道沿线气候条件较好的巴塘地区试办。“巴塘事变”发生后,在改土归流(1906-1911)的背景下,川边屯垦进入新阶段。赵尔丰在垦民安置、垦地产权、招佃办法等方面制定许多优惠政策,并采取了多种屯垦方式;但由于诸多因素的制约作用,入边的垦民数量以及所垦田地均相当有限。即便如此,清末川边垦殖的社会影响却是长期而深远的。随着农业垦殖政策的推行,来自内地的人员、技术、制度、习俗、观念等被输送到边地,并与当地文化交融互动,推动了川边地区的社会发展。

The reclamation at the Sichuan border area was an important measure which was taken by the Qing government to deal with Tibetan border crisis.The reclamation was first carried out in Batang area along the Sichuan-Tibet official road with better climatic conditions.After the"Batang incident",under bureaucratization of native officers(1906-1911),the reclamation entered a new stage.Zhao Erfeng formulated many preferential policies in resettlement of reclaimers,property rights of reclaimed land,tenancy methods and other aspects,and adopted various forms of reclamation organization.However,due to the restriction of many factors,the number of reclaimers and the reclaimed land were quite limited.Even so,the social influence of the reclamation in the late Qing dynasty was long-term and far-reaching.The personnel,technology,system,customs and concepts of the hinterland were constantly transported to the border areas,and interacted with the local ethnic culture,which promoted the social development of the Sichuan border areas.