清代清水江流域租佃关系与社会变革

Relationship Between Tenancy and Social Transformation in Qingshuijiang Basin in Qing Dynasty

随着王朝权力和客民不断深入苗地,清代清水江流域的租佃制有了较大发展。与全国其他地域有所不同,由于清水江流域地主土地占有的“碎片化”和佃户谋生的不易,因此,清代清水江流域的租佃关系呈现出佃户需向多个地主承佃,地主也需向多个佃户出租的显著特点,这说明清代清水江流域的地主与自耕农普遍处于“贫困化”之中。同时,客民“反客为主”的租佃关系转变,土客之间围绕租佃的冲突也逐渐由单个佃户与地主的纠纷和矛盾向大规模的苗民抗争过渡。在这些因素共同作用之下,导致了清代清水江流域的社会变革。

With the power of the dynasty and the continuous deepening of the immigrant in the Miao Nationality Areas,the tenancy system in Qingshuijiang Basin in Qing Dynasty had great development,but it also showed its own regional characteristics.Due to the fragmentation of landlords’land possession and the difficulty for tenants to make a living,the tenancy relationship in the Qingshuijiang Basin showed the significant characteristics that tenants needed to take on tenancy from multiple landlords,and landlords also needed to rent from multiple tenants,which indicated that landlords and self-employed farmers in the Qingshuijiang Basin were generally in the process of"impoverishment".At the same time,the change of tenancy relationship turned from guest into host,and the conflicts between the immigrant and the aboriginal gradually changed from the disputes and contradictions between the single tenant and the landlord to the large-scale resistance of the Miao people,which led to the social transformation in the Qingshuijiang Basin.