新烟碱类农药污染和人体暴露及有害效应研究

Pollution,human exposure and harmful effects of neonicotinoid pesticides

新烟碱是一类神经活性农药,已成为世界上使用最广泛的一类农药。近几年新烟碱在环境和食品中不断被检出,提示该类农药可通过饮水、摄食和呼吸等途径使人体暴露,从而对人体造成潜在的健康危害。但尚未见环境和食品中新烟碱类农药污染水平、人群暴露水平和健康影响的综述性报告。本文综述新烟碱类农药在水体、大气和食品中的污染状况、人群暴露水平和潜在健康风险。发现水果和蔬菜中普遍存在新烟碱残留,其中吡虫啉检出率最高。除个别样本新烟碱检出超标外,绝大部分样本检出水平均未超过我国食品安全国家标准。大气、地表水、自来水和饮用水中有多种新烟碱农药检出。基于膳食调查的人群外暴露研究显示,摄食是新烟碱的主要暴露途径,外暴露水平低于其慢性参考剂量。内暴露研究主要检测尿液中新烟碱类农药及其代谢物的含量,多种新烟碱农药及其代谢物在尿液中检出,质量浓度范围为ng/mL级别。内暴露研究发现尿液中噻虫嗪和呋虫胺的检出率较高,亚洲国家的新烟碱检出率高于欧美国家。职业暴露研究发现农药喷洒后新烟碱内暴露水平增高,且施用农药的农村地区居民内暴露水平高于附近城市地区。动物实验发现新烟碱农药对非靶标生物具有生殖毒性、遗传毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性、肝毒性和肾毒性,细胞实验提示新烟碱为内分泌干扰物。人体急性暴露症状与暴露剂量、途径和暴露者身体状况等有关,可从轻微症状(恶心、呕吐、头痛和腹泻)到死亡。人群流行病学研究显示新烟碱类农药慢性暴露与新生儿法洛氏四联症、无脑儿和不良精神症状等人体不良健康效应相关。

Neonicotinoid is a kind of neuroactive pesticide,and it has become the most widely used pesticide in the world.In recent years,neonicotinoid has been detected in the environment and food,suggesting that human can be exposed to this kind of pesticide through drinking water,ingestion and respiration,which poses potential health hazards to human.However,there is no comprehensive report on the pollution level of neonicotinoid pesticides in the environment and food and the impact on human health.In this paper,the pollution status,population exposure level and potential health risks of neonicotinoid pesticides in water,air and food were reviewed.We found that neonicotinoid residues are widespread in fruits and vegetables,of which imidacloprid has the highest detection rate.Except for a few samples with excessive neonicotinoid detection,the detection level in most samples did not exceed national food safety standards.A variety of neonicotinoid pesticides have been detected in the air,surface water,tap water and drinking water.External exposure studies in the population have shown that ingestion is the main route of exposure to neonicotinoid,and the external exposure level is much lower than its chronic reference dose.The internal exposure study mainly detected the concentration of neonicotinoid pesticides and their metabolites in urine.A variety of neonicotinoid pesticides and their metabolites are detected in urine,and the concentration range is ng/ml level.Internal exposure studies found that the detection rate of thiamethoxam and dinotefuran in urine is higher,and the detection rate of neonicotinoid in Asian countries is higher than that in European and American countries.Occupational exposure studies found that neonicotinoid exposure levels increased after pesticide spraying,and the exposure levels in rural areas where pesticides were commonly used were higher than those in neighboring urban areas.Animal experiments have found that neonicotinoid pesticides have reproductive toxicity,genetic toxicity,neurotoxicity,immunotoxicity,liver toxicity and nephrotoxicity to non-target organisms.Cell experiments suggest that neonicotinoid is an endocrine disruptor.The symptoms of acute exposure in humans are related to the exposure dose,route and physical condition of the exposed person,which ranges from mild symptoms(nausea,vomiting,headache and diarrhea)to death.Population epidemiological studies have shown that chronic exposure to neonicotinoid pesticides is associated with adverse health effects in humans such as neonatal tetralogy of Fallot,anencephaly,and adverse mental symptoms.