内蒙古伊金霍洛旗白敖包遗址发掘报告

THE BAI’AOBAO SITE IN EJIN HORO BANNER,INNER MONGOLIA

白敖包遗址属于内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗,位于松定霍洛村三社东2公里(图一)。白敖包是汉语,蒙古语称查干敖包,即白色敖包之意。敖包山兀立在平坦草原之上,相对高度约50米,绝对高度海拔1329米。白敖包位于敖包山山顶,是当地牧民宗教活动场所。敖包山四周都有古人类活动遗迹。

In 1989,the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Ikezhao League Cultural Heritage Workstation,and Ejin Horo Banner Commission for Preservation of Ancient Monuments jointly conducted a rescue excavation on the south side of road construction in Bai’aobao,with an excavation area of about 6000 sq m,clearing one house,28 ash pits,seven ash trenches,and 66 burials.Pottery,lithic tools,bone tools,etc.were unearthed.The remains can be divided into two phases,with strata,ash pits,houses,ash trenches G1-G6,burials,and pottery wares revealed in PhaseⅠ.The houses are semi-subterranean with a plan view resembling the character凸.There are three kinds of ash pits:round,oval,and irregular in plan,and straight-walled flat bottom,slanted-walled flat bottom,bag-shaped flat bottom,and cauldron-shaped in profile.Most of the ash trenches are rectangular in profile and a few are cauldron-shaped in profile.There are four types of tombs:vertical pit tomb,earthen cave tomb,two-tier ledge tomb,and tomb with niches.Most of them have single interments,some have two people buried,and a few have four or five people interred.Grave goods such as pottery single-eared guan-jars,double-eared guan-jars,guan-jars with folded shoulders,dou-stemmed bowls,single-handled litripods,he-pitchers,jia-wine vessels,gui-tureens,zun-wine vessels,wan-bowls,bei-cups,guan-jars,hu-jars,cylindrical objects,spindle whorls,as well as a few lithic tools and bone tools were unearthed.Dogs,sheep/goats,pigs,and horses were used as sacrifices,and sacrificial pits were found around some burials.PhaseⅡis represented by ash trench G7,where pottery was found.PhaseⅠcan be divided into three stages and four sections,dating from 2300 to 1800 BCE,corresponding to the mid-Longshan culture or slightly later to the early Xia dynasty,PhaseⅠwas named as"Bai’aobao culture,"which is mainly distributed in south-central Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi Province.In PhaseⅡ,only one ash trench G7 was cleared and a few pottery wares were collected.Represented by li-tripods with snake patterns,PhaseⅡwas named as"Zhukaigou culture,"dating from 1800 to 1300 BCE,corresponding to the late Xia dynasty to the early Shang dynasty.It is mainly distributed in south-central Inner Mongolia and northwestern Shanxi Province.