走出认知与情感、事实与价值的分离——赫尔德情感主义伦理学探赜

Surmounting the Separations Between Cognition and Sentiment,Fact and Value:An Exploration of Herder’s Ethics of Sentimentalism

近年来,赫尔德在形而上学领域的贡献越来越受到学界重视,这也为深入理解他的伦理学思想提供了重要契机。赫尔德的情感主义伦理学不仅区别于启蒙时期占据主流地位的认知主义伦理学,也区别于典型的情感主义伦理学。在赫尔德看来,不管是当时的认知主义伦理学,还是情感主义伦理学,都以对人类心灵能力的抽象划分和截然分别为前提,因而导致了认知与情感、事实与价值的分离。但是,这种对心灵能力的理解是不完整的,它肢解了心灵能力,破坏了其本身的有机性与整体性。赫尔德以心灵能力的有机统一性为基础,建构了一套主张将认知与情感、事实与价值有机统一的伦理学,其理论对我们重新理解启蒙时代的伦理学具有重要意义。

In recent years,increasing importance has been attached to Herder’s contributions to metaphysics,and this provides an important opportunity for a more thoughtful understanding of his ethics. Herder’s ethics of sentimentalism is not only different from the Enlightenment’s mainstream ethics of cognitivism,but also from the typical ethics of sentimentalism. According to Herder,both of these ethics presuppose an abstract division with distinct distinctions in the human mind,which eventuates in separations between cognition and sentiment,and fact and value. However,this is an incorrect understanding of the mind because it disintegrates its organic and holistic nature. Based on his theory of the unity of mind,Herder constructed a moral theory that advocated the unity of cognition and sentiment,fact and value,which is of great significance for more deeply understanding Enlightenment ethics.