社会文化史视野下的17世纪法国沙龙女性

The French ‘Salon Women’ in the 17^(th) Century

作为法国沙龙文化的先驱,17世纪法国的沙龙女性曾在社会文化领域发挥了重要影响。从16世纪开始,法国市民阶层中的精英晋升到贵族等级,开启了新旧精英集团的融合过程。法国新旧精英集团融合之后,需树立全新文化身份标识以区别尚武的旧贵族以及较低阶层。社会结构的内在变化体现在文化层面便是法国文化整体趋向精致优雅。沙龙女性显赫的社会地位以及出色才华使其得以在文化圈施展重要影响,她们被赋予了使社会风尚与交往礼仪更典雅克制的重任。而沙龙女性在18世纪的逐渐退隐既与17—18世纪法国社会结构的变化表里相依,也与公私领域之间的界限日渐清晰不无关联。随着沙龙成为启蒙时代重要的公共领域,它不再局限于贵族精英阶层,开始面向更多元的社会群体,沙龙女性在文化知识领域的发言权因而逐渐式微。

As the predecessor of the French Salon culture,the French salon women in the 17^(th) century play a very important role in the social and cultural field.After the integration of the old and new French elite groups,it is necessary to establish a new cultural identity.The internal change of the social structure is reflected in the cultural level,which is the overall transformation of the French culture towards refinement and elegance.Salon women are believed to make social customs and communication etiquette more elegant and restrained.The group of salon women is also the result of the expansion of the aristocratic group and social mobility.By hosting and participating in the salon,they dominate the new cultural style.The gradual retreat of salon women in the 18^(th) century is related not only to the change of the French social structure from the 17 th century to the 18 th century,but also to the increasingly clear distinction between the public and private sphere.