“光辉三十年”期间法国工业环境监管模式的转型

Transformation of the French Model of the Industrial Environmental Regulation during the ‘Glorious Thirty Years’

19世纪以来,通过强制性的《设施分类法》与行政手段相结合的方式来控制工业污染和预防工业公害是法国工业环境政策的典型特征。"二战"结束后,步入"光辉三十年"(1946—1975)的法国工业在急剧扩张的同时造成了更为严重的环境问题。在公共治理趋于民主化的政治气候下,工业利益集团发展壮大,传统的威权管制模式显得不合时宜,政府越来越倾向于通过财税激励、推动合作、谈判协商的方式促使污染者加强自我监管。1961年《反大气污染法》、1964年《用水法》,以及1976年《设备分类法》的立法均由政府发起,但在法案起草阶段、实施细则的制定乃至执行过程中却浸润着新合作主义的原则。费赞炼油厂爆炸事故推动了法国工业环境督察体制向专业化变革,20世纪70年代环境部和工业界针对污染物限制排放所缔结的合同标志着新合作主义的制度化。

Since the 19^(th) century,the integration of the mandatory Act on Installations Classées with administrative measures to control the industrial pollution and prevent the industrial nuisance has served as a typical feature of the industrial environmental policies in France.After the Second World War,the French industry entering its‘Glorious Thirty Years’(1946-1975)caused more severe environmental problems amid its rapid expansion.In the political atmosphere where the public governance tended to be democratised,the industrial interest groups have been developing and prospering,while the conventional authoritarian control model seemed inappropriate.Following this momentum,the government also increasingly inclined to facilitate polluters to enhance their selfregulation through fiscal and tax incentives,cooperation,and negotiations.Legislations of the 1964 Water Act,the 1961 Air Act and the 1976 Act on Installations Classées were all initiated by the government,but the enforcement regulation formulation and even the implementation during the drafting stage were saturated with the neo-corporatism principle.The Feyzin refinery explosion accident facilitated the shift of the French industrial environmental inspection mechanism toward the professionalisation reform.In the 1970 s,the Ministry of Environment and the industrial circles agreed on the restrictions of pollutant discharge,which marked the institutionalisation of the neo-corporatism.