近代早期美洲烟草文化的欧洲化

The Europeanisation of the American Tobacco Culture in Early Modern Times

在欧洲人到达美洲之前,美洲印第安人视烟草为"神草",在长期的社会生活实践中形成了神秘且富有宗教色彩的烟草文化,其烟斗文化和雪茄文化被后来的欧洲殖民者所继承。烟草最初传入欧洲,主要因其药用价值备受欢迎,并被奉为包治百病的"灵丹妙药"。但在欧洲特殊的社会和文化环境中,烟草很快由药品发展为逸乐消费品,并在欧洲得到普及,烟草消费不断地去神秘化并日益大众化。尽管烟草在欧洲传播过程中曾遭到一些人的反对和抨击,但在中等阶层形成和消费社会兴起的社会条件下,再加上经济利益的驱使,烟草消费在欧洲被赋予了新的意义,烟草文化在欧洲逐渐实现了本土化的改造,形成了以英国烟斗文化、法国鼻烟文化和西班牙雪茄文化为代表的欧洲烟草文化。

The American Indians regarded tobacco as‘holy herb’and formed a mysterious and religious tobacco culture in the long-term social life practice before the Europeans arrived in America.The American pipe culture and cigar culture were inherited by later European colonists.Tobacco was first introduced to Europe mainly because of its medicinal value,and it was popular as a‘panacea’.However,influenced by special social and cultural environment in Europe,tobacco quickly developed from medicine to consumer goods for pleasure and gained popularity in Europe.Constantly,tobacco consumption realised demystification and popularisation.Although tobacco was once opposed and criticised by some people during the propagation process in Europe,tobacco consumption driven by economic interests was endowed a new meaning in Europe under the social conditions of the formation of the middle class and the rise of a consumer society.Accordingly,tobacco culture gradually realised European localisation,which contributed to the forming of the European tobacco culture represented by the pipe culture in Britain,the snuff culture in France and the cigar culture in Spain.