巴勒斯坦的口述历史、集体记忆与民族认同

Palestinian Oral History, Collective Memory and National Identity

1948年是以色列和巴勒斯坦现代历史上的重要分水岭,犹太人在巴勒斯坦地区建立以色列国,而巴勒斯坦人则错失建国机遇。受犹太复国主义影响,以色列传统主流历史学家运用大量的官方档案资料建构以"犹太民族家园"为中心的叙事。而长期以来,由于国家机构和档案文献的缺席,巴勒斯坦难民在第一次中东战争中的经历以及之后流亡的历史在国际社会鲜有提及。为争取民族权利,以瓦利德·哈立迪、罗斯玛丽·赛义格、努尔·马萨拉为代表的知识分子通过收集黎巴嫩等地难民营难民证词重建以乡村记忆、灾难记忆、回归记忆为基本内容的民族叙事,其突出特点是农民、妇女、贝都因人等普通群众以及部分犹太人参与巴勒斯坦民族历史书写。口述历史叙事强化了难民对巴勒斯坦地域、文化与政治的认同感,塑造了共同的民族意识,维护了巴勒斯坦人的民族身份,促进了民族国家的构建。

1948 was an important watershed in the modern history of Israel and Palestine.The Jews established the State of Israel in the Palestinian area,and the Palestinians missed the opportunity to establish the country.Under the guidance of Zionist ideology,Israeli traditional mainstream historian used a large amount of official archives to build a narrative centered on the"Jewish homeland".For a long time,due to the lack of support from state institutions and the absence of archives,the experience of the Palestine refugees in the first Middle East war and the history of exile remained silent in the international community.In order to fight for national rights,intellectuals represented by Walid Khalidi,Rosemary Sayigh,and Nur Masalha reconstructed national narratives with village memory,disaster memory and return memory as the basic content by collecting refugee testimony from refugee camps in Lebanon and other places.Its outstanding features are the participation of ordinary people such as farmers,women,Bedouins,and some Jews in the writing of Palestinian national history.The oral historical narrative strengthens the refugees’sense of identification with the Palestinian territorial,cultural and political goals,shapes the common national consciousness,maintains the Palestinian national identity and promotes the construction of a nation-state.