甲午前清政府对朝鲜贷款问题浅析

The Analysis of Loans from Qing Government to Choson

19世纪中后期,清、鲜宗藩关系不断受到冲击,清政府不得不改变"统而不治"的传统,采用近代通商手段,通过加强对朝鲜经济的控制力度,进而影响其内政外交,其中贷款举措颇具时代特色。清政府利用宗主国之影响力,在与各国争夺朝鲜外债中占据优势,甲午前,累计提供5笔共计535000两白银贷款,成为朝鲜最大债权国,并在一定程度上巩固了宗主国地位。这些贷款与近代西方国家资本输出有着本质区别。清政府并未将朝鲜视为原料产地或商品倾销市场,也不刻意追求资本利润,只希望维持旧有的宗藩关系,必然会有极大的局限性,加上其自身亦深陷统治危机,使得贷款发挥政治经济效用极其有限,亦无法挽救宗藩关系解体的命运。

Tributary Relation of Qing Dynasty and Choson had been under pressure since the middle of the 19 th century,Qing government had to change its foreign policy,adopted economic measures to exert indirect influence on Choson,that was to say,through controlling the Choson economy to interfere in the domestic and foreign affairs of Choson.Loan was one of the economic measures.Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894,Qing government was Choson’s largest creditor,provided more than half a million of silver loans,consolidated its position as a suzerain.Qing’s loans were different from that provided by modern western countries,Qing government didn’t regard Choson as the origin of raw materials or the dumping market,didn’t pursue capital profit,its purpose was to maintain the traditional tributary relationship.However,the Qing government tried to adopt modern means to maintain the feudal state relation,it inevitably had great limitations.In addition,Qing government’s feudal rule had already fell into the crisis condition,which made the loans play a very limited political effect,so the loans could not save the fate of the collapse of the disintegration of tributary relationship.