隐性冲突、制度调适与社会继替——从费孝通《生育制度》论起

Hidden Conflict,System Adjustment and Social Succession——From Fei Xiaotong’s’The Institntions for Reproduction’

生育在人们普遍的认知中等同于单一的生殖或抚育,这种将"生"和"育"分离的认知割裂了生育作为一个从性行为到生殖,从生理性哺育到社会性教育的连续统的过程。单一性的等同和割裂性的认知成为隐藏在生育系统中的隐性冲突,并且在结构性因素的诱发下,生育连续统断裂导致隐性冲突的扩大和转化,最终引发显性的社会危机。基于此,费孝通先生的《生育制度》给予上述问题以新的诠释视角,将生育制度作为一种调适冲突的家庭制度和社会制度,以此在调适家庭内部隐性冲突的同时,也消解了社会的显性隐患。在"父母子"稳定的关系结构中,通过婚姻关系来协调性行为和生殖,通过亲子关系来规训生育分离的冲突,在婚姻关系和代际关系中推动亲属社会的维系,最终实现个体从生物人向社会人的蜕变、从人的绵续到社会继替的衔接。因此,本文从生育制度出发,围绕"冲突—调适"的分析框架来重新呈现生育系统中的隐性冲突、剖析制度调适的具体过程和社会继替的机理,并由此反思现实问题。

Fertility is equivalent to reproduction or nurturing respectively in people’s common perception.This perception of dissociating"birth"from"nurturing"separates fertility as a continuum process from sexual behavior to reproduction,from physiological nurturing to social education.The above equation of fertility with reproduction or nurturing in separate and the dissociated cognition of fertility have become hidden conflicts in the reproductive system.Under the inducement of structural factors,the break of the fertility continuum leads to the expansion and transformation of the hidden conflicts,which eventually triggers the explicit social conflicts.Based on this,Fei Xiaotong’s The Institntions for Reproduction offers a new perspective to the above problems,taking the fertility system as a family and social system set up to not only adjust hidden conflicts within the family but also resolve dominant social dangers.Under the rather stable"parent-child"relational structure,the marriage relationship is used to coordinate sexual behavior and reproduction,and the parent-child relationship is used to discipline the conflicts of fertility separation.Under the marriage and intergenerational relationship,the maintenance of the kinship society is promoted,the transformation of individuals from biological humans to social humans and the convergence from human continuity to social succession are also eventually realized.Therefore,on the basis of reproductive system,this article re-presents the hidden conflicts in the fertility system,analyzes the specific process of system adjustment and the mechanism of social succession,and reflects on problems of the reality around the analysis framework of"conflict-adjustment".