从自然法到政治法——《社会契约论》副题考

From“Droit Naturel”to“Droit Politique”:On the Subtitle of the Social Contract

《社会契约论》之副题"政治法的原理"构成此书的"真正主题",然而对它的各种主流理解(国家法、政治权利、政治正当)模糊了卢梭与自然法传统在政治和道德层面上的不同关系。本文首先论证卢梭政治学说在原理和方法上同自然法学派决裂的意义。其次通过界定政治法之本质构成的两种根本法,进一步论述卢梭对自然法与政治法之逻辑关系的翻转。但这无法推出作为一般意志之表达条件的根本法可被化约为现代公法或孟德斯鸠的政治法概念,因为政治法原理必然会导向纯粹规范与经验事实之间的动态平衡关系:政治法在认识论层面上可被视为既非自然亦非纯粹约定的内在秩序关系的客观演算,其原理同时位于解释与行动这两个层面;政治法学-政治法原理在认识与规范的双重意义上支配着结合成政治体的人们的社会生活。

The subtitle of the Social Contract,"Principes du droit politique",constitutes the"real subject"of the book,but the various dominant understandings of it(Staatsrecht,political rights,political Right)obscure the multi-dimensional relationships between Rousseau and the natural law tradition.This paper first argues that Rousseau’s political doctrine breaks with the natural law school in principle and method.Second,by defining the two kinds of fundamental laws that constitute the substance of"Droit Politique",Rousseau reverses the logical relationship between natural law and political law.But this cannot demonstrate that the fundamental law can be reduced to modern public law or to Montesquieu’s"Droit Politique",because the principles of"Droit Politique"necessarily lead to an axiomatic equilibrium between pure norms and empirical facts:the paper concludes by clarifying this argument considered on the epistemological level as well as on the political one.