“恐慌”式意识形态斗争的政治学解释

Analyzing the Red Scares: The Social Mobilization Model of Ideology-Driven Politics

美国出现过两次针对共产主义的激烈意识形态斗争即"红色恐慌",它本质上是一种由保守主义政客领导、以夺取政治权力为目的、以意识形态宣传为主要动员手段的社会运动。"恐慌"可能导致美国政府采取具有意识形态对抗和排外色彩的内外政策,研究"恐慌"形成机制具有较强的学术价值和政策意义。作者结合政治过程理论等主流理论和案例特点,提出了适用于"恐慌"式意识形态斗争的社会运动三要素模型,认为议题素材、运动领袖和运动听众是美国发起和维持反共社会运动的三要素,也是"恐慌"形成的先决条件。在两次"恐慌"中,运动领袖建构出外来威胁,并以此对社会进行动员,运动随着争议性剧目的爆发不断升级;在领袖失去政治声望后,运动则随之降温。将该模型应用于当前美国反华政治,可以看出美国尚未形成类似"恐慌"的排华运动,但拜登任内在野的共和党政客有动机进行意识形态斗争。中国对美国正在酝酿的反共运动应保持警惕。

Ideology-driven social movements have been a part of American politics for centuries.The US experienced two nationwide anti-communist movements in the 20 th century.These movements,often named as the"Red Scares",were thoroughly studied as extreme cases of ideological conflict and xenophobia in American society.Such studies are especially important nowadays,as the current anti-China sentiment in the US draws similarities to the Red Scares.By combining sociological and political studies on general social movements and archival studies of the two Red Scares,this paper proposes a tri-elemental social mobilization model of Red Scares.Based on political process theory by McAdam,the study argues that Red Scare,as a special type of social movement,requires evidences for agenda framing,political leaders and audience.These elements of social movement are the respective results of external challenge,domestic political opportunities and social conflicts.Additionally,the study applies the model of Red Scares to the current China politics in the US.The study argues that,while China gradually becomes a prioritized external challenge for the US,the incumbent position of anti-China Republican politicians and the polarized nature of current society make it difficult for movement leaders to gather sufficient amount of audiences.The lack of contentious repertoire in the current anti-China fear-mongering prevents the movement from escalating;however,further Sino-US conflicts increase the risk of another Red Scare.