论刑法教义学与实证研究

On the Dogmatics of Criminal Law and Empirical Research

定性研究与定量分析、规范学与事实学的不同,只是刑法教义学与刑法实证研究之间表面上的不同,其掩盖了两者内在相和的价值。法教义学的实定法合理性假定和法律实证研究的集体经验合理性假定,都是相对的,二者之间不存在根本对立,采用实证方法研究刑法教义学问题并非不可能。刑法教义学与实证研究统一于实践理性,相遇在刑法现象大样本中,交集于法的有效性。没有教义学的刑法实证研究,或者没有实证研究的刑法教义学,都无益于中国刑法研究的全面发展。最极端的恶是非法剥夺他人生命的犯罪,最极端的社会否定性评价是依法剥夺犯罪人生命的死刑,这两个剥夺是其他一切剥夺的边界。以近8万个致死命案死刑适用样本的刑罚教义学研究为例说明,刑法教义学实证研究是一种基于刑法现象大样本的描述性批判,其包括刑法理论学说的教义学实证研究、刑法规定的教义学实证研究和刑事司法实践的教义学实证研究。

The differences between qualitative research and quantitative analysis and between normative science and factual science are only superficial differences between dogmatics of criminal law and empirical research of criminal law,which cover up the intrinsic values of these two.The rationality assumptions of positive law and that of the collective experience of empirical legal research are both relative.Therefore,there is no fundamental opposition between them and it is possible to study the dogmatics of criminal law with the method of empirical research.Dogmatics of criminal law and empirical research of criminal law are unified in practical rationality,meet in a large sample of criminal law cases,and intersect in the validity of law.Neither the empirical criminal law research without dogmatics nor the criminal law dogmatics without empirical research is conducive to the comprehensive development of criminal law research in China.The most extreme evil is the crime of illegally depriving another person’s life and the most extreme negative social evaluation is the criminal punishment of depriving the offender’s life.These two deprivations are the boundaries of all other deprivations.Therefore,the application of the death penalty in homicide cases is"the first piece of domino"in Chinese criminal law.Taking the criminal penalty dogmatics research of near 80,000 death penalty cases as an example,this paper shows that the empirical research of criminal dogmatics is a descriptive criticism of a large sample of criminal law phenomenon,including the dogmatic empirical research of criminal theories,of criminal law provisions and of criminal justice practices.