论《民法典》中公平分担损失规则的司法适用

On the Judicial Application of the Rule of Equitable Loss Sharing in Civil Code

《中华人民共和国民法典》(以下简称《民法典》)生效前,近几年在司法裁判中适用《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》(以下简称《侵权责任法》)中公平分担损失规则的情形主要包括三类案件机动车交通事故责任纠纷案件,提供劳务者受害责任纠纷案件,生命权、健康权、身体权纠纷案件。由于《侵权责任法》中的公平分担损失规则,即《侵权责任法》第24条表述抽象,操作性差,给法官留下的自由裁量空间过大,导致该条款在司法实践中被滥用。为了解决这一问题,《民法典》侵权责任编作出了积极回应,对原条款进行了修改,在《民法典》第1186条中明确公平分担损失规则的适用前提是“法律的规定”。《民法典》虽然对之前《侵权责任法》中的公平分担损失规则的适用条件进行了限制,在一定程度上能够解决该规则被滥用问题,但仍有进一步完善的空间,比如因果关系要件未能释明、“法律”范围指向不确定等方面。故有必要从“法律”范围的明确、因果关系要件的认定等四个方面提出解决公平分担损失规则司法适用问题的学理解释,并给出公平分担损失规则司法适用步骤的建议。

Before the Civil Code came into effect,the application of the rule of equitable loss sharing in tort law in judicial decisions mainly includes three types of cases in recent years: liability dispute cases of motor vehicle traffic accidents,dispute cases over the liability of labor service providers’ injury,dispute cases about right to life,right to health and right to body. Due to the abstract expression and poor operability of Article 24 of tort law,which is the rule of equitable loss sharing in tort liability law,it leaves too much room for discretion for judges,which leads to the abuse of this article in judicial practice. In order to solve this problem,the tort liability section of the Civil Code has made a positive response,revised the original clause,and made it clear in article 1186 of the Civil Code that the application premise of the rule of equitable sharing of losses is " the provisions of the law". Although the Civil Code limits the application conditions of the rule of equitable loss sharing in the previous tort liability law,which can solve the problem of abuse of the rule to a certain extent,there is still room for further improvement,such as the failure to explain the elements of causality,the uncertainty of the scope of law and so on. Therefore,it is necessary to put forward theoretical explanation to solve the judicial application problem of the rule of equitable loss sharing from four aspects: the definition of the scope of " law",the identification of the elements of causality and so on,and give some suggestions on the judicial application steps of the rule of equitable loss sharing.