重思晚年恩格斯视域中的“唯物主义辩证法”——基于卢卡奇对恩格斯的错误批评

Rethinking “Materialist Dialectics” in Engels’Vision in His Later Years——Based on Lukacs’Wrong Criticism of Engels

晚年恩格斯在《反杜林论》和《自然辩证法》中以唯物主义自然观理解唯物主义历史观,以自然辩证法为试金石详细阐述了他的"唯物主义辩证法"。卢卡奇将历史和自然对立起来,因此,使"唯物主义辩证法"与实证主义方法产生了理论错位。在恩格斯那里,自然和历史实际上是一种辩证的关系,自由必须以必然为前提,人和自然之间的相互作用是历史发展的动力。在新的历史条件下继承和发展马克思主义,必须坚持自然和历史之间、客观必然性和主体能动性之间以实践为中介的辩证关系,任何将马克思主义某一方面的理论极端化的做法都是不可取的。

Engels in his later years understood the materialist view of history with the materialist view of nature in Anti-Turing and Dialectics of Nature,and elaborated his"materialist dialectics"with dialectics of nature as the touchstone.Lukacs opposes history and nature,which leads to theoretical dislocation between materialist dialectics and positivism.According to Engels,nature and history are actually a dialectical relationship,freedom must be based on necessity,and the interaction between man and nature is the driving force of historical development.In order to inherit and develop Marxism under the new historical conditions,we must adhere to the dialectical relationship between nature and history,between objective necessity and subjective initiative with practice as the intermediary.It is not advisable to take any extreme approach to the theory of Marxism in one aspect.