先天的还是经验的——论康德的“概念”

Transcendental or Empirical——On Kant’s concept

"概念"一词在康德的思想体系中具有特殊意义。概念是一种普遍表象,是意识展开其综合统一功能的结果,意识统一性的先天必然性决定了概念在形式上的先天性。但形式上的统一须以直观的杂多为材料,因而一般概念往往落实为经验性概念;与经验性概念相对,还有纯粹感性意象(数学概念)、纯粹知性概念(范畴)和纯粹理性概念(理念)这三种纯粹概念;由此而有概念的划分。任何概念都须有对象,以实现其客观有效性:数学概念的对象在纯粹直观中被先天地给予,而范畴的对象则须由后天的经验性直观获得;理念的对象不能在经验中达到,然而仍有必要设定其"客观实在",以引导人类知识道路上的探索。对康德"经验"概念的理解也建立在以上论述上。

The word"concept"has a special meaning in Kant’s ideological system.The"concept"is a universal representation,which is the result of consciousness developing its comprehensive and unified function.The transcendental necessity of consciousness unity determines the transcendental form of the concept.But the formal unity must be based on the intuitionistic manifold,so general concepts are often implemented as empirical concepts.In contrast to empirical concept,there are three pure concepts:pure perceptual image(mathematical concept),pure intellectual concept(category)and pure rational concept(idea).Hence the conceptual division.Any concept must have its object in order to achieve its objective validity:the object of mathematical concepts is given directly in pure intuition,while the object of categories must be acquired by empirical intuition;The object of the idea cannot be achieved in experience,yet it is necessary to set its"objective reality"in order to guide human exploration in the path of knowledge.The understanding of Kant’s concept of"experience"is also based on the above discussion.