形合语言与意合语言的语法差异

The Grammatical Difference between Hypotaxis and Parataxis

形合语言的语法规则是刚性的、外显的,例外极少;意合语言的语法规则是柔性的、内隐的,例外不少。现代英语是形合语言,现代汉语是意合语言。现代英语与现代汉语的形合与意合的差异主要体现在语篇之中后续句主语承前省略的规则、复句内分句之间的结合规则、单句内主语与谓语之间的结合规则、谓语内谓语中心的构成规则、述宾结构中述语和宾语的语义关系规则、述补结构中补语的语义指向规则等方面。

The grammatical rules of the languages which depend on hypotaxis critically are rigid, explicit, and have few exceptions;the grammatical rules of the languages which depend on parataxis critically are flexible, implicit, and have many exceptions. Modern English is a language depending on hypotaxis critically, while modern mandarin Chinese is a language depending parataxis critically. The above-mentioned difference between modern English and modern mandarin Chinese consists in the rules dominating the subject of subsequent clause’s ellipsis, the syntagmatic rules of the clauses in a complex sentence, the ones between the subject and the predicate in a simple sentence, the ones to construct a predicate, the ones to identify the items semantically relative to the complement in a phrase with the pattern VC(O).