中世纪骑士文化:奥林匹克传承的时代脉络

Knight Culture:The Development of Olympic Inheritance

中世纪早期领主或贵族以土地封赏骑士,为骑士阶层的崛起创造了条件。骑士精神文化随着社会发展而变化,其最初带有明显的军事特征,讲究“忠诚”“勇敢”;当基督教掌控权力后,其又披上了浓厚的宗教色彩,讲究“荣誉”“牺牲”“怜悯”;当军事技术变革后,骑士在战争中的作用日渐衰弱,转向注重自身文化修养,谦恭和绅士风度被注入其精神内涵。基督教以禁欲主义作为压制体育发展的教义基础,将人的“灵魂”与“躯体”割裂,利用神权打击各类体育活动,致使古希腊罗马奥林匹克竞技传统至此中断。骑士阶层由于其在当时社会结构中的特殊性,以另一种方式传承着古典奥林匹克精神文化。骑士教育,是身体教育的存续,从现代奥林匹克运动项目中也可看到“骑士七技”的影子。骑士比武大赛,是展示骑士精神文化的重要平台,也是传承人类体育竞技文明的重要载体。总之,骑士精神的特征与内涵和奥林匹克精神的内核高度契合,现代奥林匹克竞技运动的发展依然需要注入与彰显骑士精神文化。

In the early Middle Ages,lords or nobles granted land to knights,which created conditions for the rise of them.Knight culture changes with the development of society.At first,it had obvious military characteristics emphasizing“loyalty”and“bravery”.When Christianity took control of power,it put on a strong religious color paying attention to“honor”,“sacrifice”and“pity”.After the change of military technology,the knights’role in the war was gradually weakened,and they turned to pay attention to their own culture.Humility and gentleness were injected into the spiritual connotation.Christianity took asceticism as the doctrinal basis to suppress the development of sports,separated the“soul”and“body”of human beings,and used theocracy to crack down on all kinds of sports activities,resulting in the interruption of ancient Greek and Roman Olympic competitive tradition.Because of its particularity in the social structure at that time,the knight class inherited the classical Olympic spirit and culture in another way.Knight education is the survival of physical education,and we can see the shadow of“seven skills of knight”from the modern Olympic Games.Knight competition is an important platform to show the knight culture,and also an important carrier to inherit human sports civilization.In a word,the characteristics and connotation of knight fit well with the core of Olympic spirit.The development of modern Olympic sports still needs to inject and highlight knight culture.