我国油页岩与煤共生资源分布及综合利用

Resources distribution and comprehensive utilization of oil shale and coal symbiosis in China

中国油页岩资源丰富,其为原油与天然气等化石燃料的后备资源与有效补充,作为战略储备能源具有巨大的潜力。结合油页岩的基本性质和工艺特性,汇总国内外有关学者的研究成果并分析我国与煤共生的油页岩资源分布特征,针对油页岩的有机质和无机矿物质的化学组成结构及其矿物成分、矿床原始物质来源、成矿时代及其沉积环境等进行深度剖析,探讨了油页岩的多种综合利用途径。结果表明:我国目前各地油页岩探明储量最多的依次为吉林、广东和辽宁三省,但全国其他19个省、自治区也都发现有不同储量的油页岩资源,其中大多数以含油率在10%以下的矿床为主。中国油页岩资源分布的特点是大多与煤共生且多分布在中生代的侏罗纪或白垩纪以及新生代第三纪的盆地内,单独赋存或生成于晚古生代的油页岩矿区均较少。我国油页岩从沉积环境成因角度大致可分为陆相油页岩及与海侵形成有关的海相油页岩,但多以陆相沉积为主。油页岩的基本特性是灰分、挥发分均普遍很高(在50%~70%),其发热量随灰分和水分的增高及含油率的降低而相应降低,有机质元素成分中的碳氢含量低于石油而高于一般低阶动力用煤。人类对油页岩的利用水平随着科学技术的进步而日益提高,目前中国油页岩资源较为经济可行的利用方法包括对含油率较高的油页岩可与煤共同开采并在矿区原位干馏或气化以获得油、气资源,与煤共生的油页岩非富矿床通常采用将煤、油页岩单独开采、分别或合并利用,而对于作为露天煤矿覆盖层的油页岩矿床则宜将其与煤配合作为发电、工业锅炉和窑炉的燃料且以选用循环流化床锅炉为宜。其灰渣可作为用于生产水泥及砖瓦、陶粒等建筑材料或用作生产分子筛、橡胶填料以及采空区的充填物等,从而充分发挥油页岩和煤的优势互补,使两者的有机质和无机矿物质均得到充分的综合利用。

The reserves of oil shale is rich in China.Oil shale is an effective complement to fossil fuel resources such as crude oil and natural gas with great potential as a strategic energy reserve.In this paper,combining with the basic property and technological properties of oil shale,the research results of domestic and foreign scholars were summarized,the distribution characteristics of oil shale resources associated with coal in China were analyzed as well.The chemical composition and structure of organic matter and inorganic mineral matter of oil shale,the source of original matter,metallogenic epoch and sedimentary environment were deeply analyzed.The various comprehensive utilization ways of oil shale were also discussed too.The results show that:the largest proven reserves of oil shale in China are successively Jilin,Guangdong and Liaoning provinces at present,but the different reserves of oil shale resources have also been found in Chinese 19 provinces and autonomous regions,the oil content of most deposits are mainly less than 10%.The distribution of oil shale in China resources is characterized by its association with coal and its distribution in the Mesozoic era of Jurassic or Cretaceous and in Cenozoic Tertiary basins,the deposits of oil shale with single occurrence or generatation in Late Paleozoic are both less.Oil shale in China can be divided into continental oil shale and transgressive oil shale from the perspective of sedimentary environment genesis.Most oil shale deposits in China are continental deposits.The basic characteristic of oil shale is that the ash and volatiles are very high(above 50%~70%),the calorific value decreases with the increase of ash and water and the decrease of oil content.The hydrocarbon content of organic matter is lower than petroleum and higher than common low-rank power coal.The utilization level of oil shale has been improved with the development of science and technology,the economical and feasible use of oil shale in China resources at present includes in situ distillation or gasification of oil shale with high oil content in the mining area by combined mining,which can help to obtain gas and oil resources.The non-rich oil shale deposit with coal are usually exploited separately and utilized separately or together.Oil Shale deposits,which are overburden of open cast coal mines,are chosen to be combined with coal as fuel for power generation,industrial boilers and kilns.The circulating fluidized bed boiler is appropriate.The ash and dregs can be used as building materials such as cement,bricks and tiles,ceramsite,or as filling materials for goaf and so on.The advantages of oil shale and coal are fully complementary,so that both organic and inorganic minerals can be used comprehensively and fully.