不同管理模式下苹果园昆虫群落物种组成及其多样性

Species composition and diversity of insect community in apple orchards with different management modes

旨在研究3种不同管理模式下不同苹果园[荒弃2年的人工果园(AM)、传统管理的人工果园(TM)和林下种植绿肥作物的有机果园(OM)]的昆虫群落组成及多样性特征,探究管理模式对苹果园昆虫群落结构及多样性的影响。共采集标本18931个,其中昆本纲标本16500个、蛛形纲标本2431个,隶属于13个目、57个科、102个种。在3种不同管理模式下,人工管理果园(TM、OM)的昆虫群落结构较为相似,荒弃2年的果园(AM)与其差异较大;AM模式的昆虫数量(10667头)和物种数量(102种)最多,OM模式的物种丰富度指数(1.60)、均匀性指数(0.77)、天敌昆虫(含捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫)比例(20.96%)和昆虫群落的稳定性指数I2(0.03)均最高。苹果绵蚜、始红蝽等植食性昆虫对管理模式变化的反应最敏感,主要分布于荒弃果园;小黄家蚁、草间小黑蛛等对管理模式变化的反应敏感程度最低,在AM、TM、OM 3种管理模式下个体数量的变化相对较稳定。综上,人工管理在一定程度上降低了果园昆虫个体数量和物种数量,提高了群落的物种多样性和稳定性,林下种植绿肥作物的有机管理模式最符合现代化果园管理的发展要求。

The aim of this research is to study the insect community composition and diversity characteristics of different apple orchards(artificial orchard abandoned for two years,AM;traditional artificial orchard,TM;organic orchard with understory green manure crops,OM)under three different management modes and to explore the impact of management modes on the structure and diversity of the insect community in apple orchards of the Yili River Valley.A total of 18931 specimens were collected,among them,16500 were Insecta specimens and 2431 were Arachnid specimens,belonging to 102 species,57 families and 13 orders.Under three different management modes,the insect community structures in artificial managed orchards(TM and OM)were similar,and were different from the orchard abandoned for two years(AM).The number of insect individuals(10667)and species number(102)under AM mode were the highest,while the species richness(1.60),evenness index(0.77),proportion(20.96%)of natural enemy insects(contain predatory insects and parasitic insects)and stability index of insect community I2(0.03)under OM mode were all the highest.Phytophagous insects such as Eriosoma lanigerum and Pyrrhocoris apterus were the most sensitive in responses to the change of management modes,which were mainly distributed in abandoned orchards.The response sensitivity of Monomorium pharaonis and Hylyphantes graminicola to the change of management modes was the lowest,and the individual number was relatively stable under AM,TM and OM management modes.In summary,artificial management reduced the number of insect individuals and species in the orchard to some extent,and improved the species diversity and stability of the community.The organic management mode of planting green manure crops under the forest was the most suitable for the development of modern orchard management.