《日书》所见疾病问题探赜--以睡虎地秦简《日书》为例

On the Diseases Seen in Rishu Discovered in the Shuihudi Qin Bamboo Slips

睡虎地秦简《日书》虽是一本以时日占卜吉凶的巫书,但某种意义上也可算作一部医书。该书涉及多种疾病,其中身体疾病方面包括五官疾病、外科疾病、内科疾病和妇科疾病等,心理疾病方面包括精神狂躁、噩梦及嗜酒等。《日书》不仅指出了疾病的种类,而且还探讨了疾病的起因及治疗方法,这是先民们对疾病认识的经验总结,是他们面对残酷的生存环境所做出的应激反应。以传统的五行理论、气论及术数论为基础的《日书》疾病认知论,具有一定实用性,其与《黄帝内经》都将五行理论与疾病问题联系起来并就此展开救治,殊途而同归。《日书》中一些关于疾病的记载建立在术数运行原理基础上,认为疾病多与“阳数”有关,这种有关疾病的认知是基于巫术基础上的,目的是借助巫术摆脱鬼神作祟、尽量规避那些神秘的致病力量。

Generally considered as divination book,the Rishu(《日书》)from Shuihudi bamboo slips dated to Qin can be also taken as a medical book.The diseases mentioned in this book are related to the problems dealt with by today’s ophthalmology,otorhinolaryngology,surgery,internal medicine,gynecology,and psychiatry.Rishu not only classified the related diseases,but also discussed the possible causes and ways of treatment.Similar to Huangdi Neijing(《黄帝内经》),Rishu involves in concepts from the theories related to the five elements,qi(气),and divination.According to Rishu,human diseases are largely caused by the invasion of different kinds of qi which was explained mainly in terms of divination and Yin Yang(阴阳)theory.The treatment of diseases in Rishu,on the other hand,was mainly employment of witchcraft aiming at getting rid of harmful ghosts,spirits,and mysterious pathogenic forces.