数字时代中的国家记忆危机及其未来

The Crisis and Future of National Memory in the Digital Age

国家记忆可以按照"关于国家的记忆"(或"国家作为一种记忆")与"国家的记忆"(或"国家+记忆")两种方式来理解。根据把"国家"化解成中国、祖国、民族和政党四个维度的意义,国家记忆也可以被理解为地缘政治学意义上的中国记忆、文化心理学意义上的祖国记忆、民族志意义上的民族记忆和政治学意义上的政党记忆。国家记忆的所指往往会因应不同的使用语境而改变。国家记忆的形成最基本地分为"自上而下"和"自下而上"两种方式,前者即强制性"嵌入"记忆的方式,后者即"诗性自觉"的记忆方式。在数字时代,记忆研究主要关注"记忆与遗忘的关系"及"隐私、网络暴力和正义"两个问题。而国家记忆的危机主要体现在"如何选择记忆"与"公共空间的转型"两个方面。从记忆的主体("群众")到记忆的对象("信息"),再到记忆的方式("电子阅读"与"文化习惯")和记忆的表征("纷众记忆"),互联网颠覆了原本由国家和社会(或民间)所构成的记忆生态,创造出了更多关于记忆乃至国家记忆的可能性。

The concept of national memory can be interpreted in two ways, either as "memory about a nation"(or "a nation as a kind of memory") or as "a nation that remembers"(or "a nation’s memory"). With a reference to nation which could be understood as country, native land, nation, and state, the national memory also unfolds as memory of China in geopolitical sense, memory of the native land in cultural and psychological sense, memory of nation in ethnographic sense, and memory of the state in political sense. The signification of the national memory changes in different contexts. There are two ways in which national memory is formed, the "top-down" approach and that of the "bottom-up." The former is marked by the compulsory "embedding" of memory and the latter by the poetic "conscious remembering." In the digital age, memory research focuses on the relationship between memory and forgetting, as well as the issues of privacy, cyber violence and justice. The crisis of the national memory is mainly manifested in "the ways in which memory is chosen" and "the transformation of the public space." The internet has subverted the ecology of memory originally driven by the state and society(or the folk), and created more possibilities for memory including national memory. Such subversion is embodied in the subject of memory("the multitude"), the object of memory("information"), the method of remembering("electronic reading" and "cultural habits"), and the representation of memory("the memory of multitude").