网络谣言的刑法治理:从宪法的视角

The Criminal Governance of Internet Rumors:From the Perspective of the Constitution

网络谣言之刑法治理的难题是,如何区分言论自由与言论犯罪的合理界限。从言论自由的权利属性出发,应确立"网络言论不被轻易犯罪化"的宪法法理。未经证实未必虚假,谣言本质并非完全事实层面之客观实证的产物,而是包含着规范判断。因此,提倡与发展客观真实与主观真实二元论,强调主观真实对网络谣言的反向排除,有利于从事实层面合理划分网络谣言与言论自由的界限;而从刑法教义学上建构"实际恶意与网络谣言的主观不法性判断""危险理论与网络谣言的客观不法性判断""比例原则与网络谣言的需罚性判断"等基本教义,则有利于从规范层面明确刑法干预网络谣言的限度。

How to distinguish the reasonable boundary between freedom of speech and crime of speech is a difficult problem in the criminal law of Internet rumors.Starting from the right attribute of freedom of speech,we should establish the constitutional jurisprudence of’Internet speech should not be easily criminalized’.The nature of rumor is not the product of objective demonstration at the level of complete facts,but contains normative judgment.Therefore,advocating and developing the dualism of objective truth and subjective truth,emphasizing the negative exclusion of Internet rumors by subjective truth,is conducive to reasonably dividing the boundary between Internet rumors and freedom of speech from the factual level.On the other hand,the construction of such basic doctrines as’principle of proportionality and restriction of criminal law regulation of Internet rumors’from the perspective of criminal dogmatics will help to clarify the limits of criminal law intervention in Internet rumors from the normative level.