简论“空间的生产”之内在辩证关系及其三重意义

A Brief Discussion on the Dialectic and Triple Senses Intrinsic to“the Production of Space”

《空间的生产》一书最为核心的问题无疑是如何理解"空间的生产"这个词语的含义。为此,列斐伏尔首先重点解释了生产的"空间"内涵和空间的"生产"内涵,即为何生产是"空间性的"以及空间是"生产性的"?缘何说空间是社会空间的生产?这意味着生产本身固有着"空间性"意义,以及空间固有着"生产性"意义。其次,列斐伏尔对"空间的生产"一词作了三重意义上的理解,第一重是历史唯物主义意义上的,即任何社会生产方式总有相应的社会空间形式,也就是说任何社会都必须生产出自己相应的社会空间,因此就有了"空间的历史"理论;第二重是政治经济学批判意义上的,即人类发展到资本主义社会,社会生产方式便从"空间中的物的生产"转变为"空间本身的生产",或者说抽象的空间的生产方式成为决定性历史力量;前两种理解无疑是广为人知的,但人们相对忽略了其第三重意义,也就是未来社会愿景与艺术创造、建筑设计意义上的,即人类未来发展前景是从资本主义抽象空间的生产方式所决定的那种同质化、单一性、等级化、碎片化空间的生产方式,走向基于身体体验、艺术创造与城市革命的多种可能的、多种尺度的、差异性的空间的生产。对列斐伏尔的"空间的生产"最为严重的误解莫过于将其单一化地理解为资本主义现代性条件下的城规主义实践。对"空间的生产"一词的理解实际上始终存在着政治经济学批判模式与文化研究模式的竞争,存在着基于对传统历史唯物主义的物质生产方式理论的误解所导致的庸俗化理解。

How to understand the terminology"the production of space"is central to Lefebvre’s work The Production of Space.Firstly,Lefebvre reveals a"spatial"connotation in production and a"productive"one in space,that is to say,why production has spatiality and space is productive,and why space is the production of social space.This is because of the intrinsic spatiality in production and the intrinsic productivity in space.Secondly,Lefebvre understands"the production of space"in triple senses.The first is in the sense of historical materialism,which means every mode of social production has its matching socio-spatial form,that is,every society must produce its own social space.Thus,there is a theory of the history of space.The second is in the sense of the critique of political economy.While human societies evolve into the capitalist society,the mode of social production converts from"the production of things in space"into"the production of space itself",in other words,the abstract production of space becomes dominated historical force.The first two understandings are widely known,however,the third sense is relatively ignored,namely the sense of visions of future society,artistic creation,and architectural design.The prospect of human society tends from homogeneity,singleness,hierarchy,and fragmentationdetermined by the capitalist abstract production of space towards various-possibility,multi-scale,and differential production of space based on body experience,artistic creation,and urban revolution.The most serious misunderstanding of Lefebvre’s"the production of space"is no more than to treat it as urbanist practices under capitalist modernity.To understand the terminology moves to and fro between the competing modes of the critique of political economy and cultural study,and consists in a vulgarized understanding resulting from misunderstanding the mode of material production in traditional historical materialism.