半干旱区优化栽培模式下玉米产量、生长发育及叶片生理特性研究

Study on Yield,Growth and Development and Leaf Physiological Characteristics of Maize under Optimized Cultivation Pattern in Semi-arid Area

为系统研究半干旱区玉米应对不同栽培模式的生理响应机制,为吉林省西部半干旱区玉米种植提供有效的栽培模式。采用大田试验的方式,设置对照模式(CK)、农户习惯模式(T1)和优化栽培模式(T2)3种栽培模式,研究栽培模式对玉米产量、生长发育、叶片生理特性及资源利用效率的影响。结果表明,与CK和T1处理相比,T2处理玉米在成熟期(R6)期的干物质积累显著增加(P<0.05),叶面积指数(LAI)在R3与R6期显著增加(P<0.05)。T1与T2处理的株高间无显著差异(P>0.05),但T2处理的株高均高于T1处理。与CK和T1处理相比,T2处理的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和表观叶肉导度(AMC)在R1与R3期均显著增加(P<0.05),气孔限制值(Ls)在R3期显著下降(P<0.05),光系统Ⅱ的最大光合效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ的实际光合效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和电子传递效率(ETR)在R3期均显著增加(P<0.05)。T2处理的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性在R3期均显著高于CK和T1处理(P<0.05),谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性均显著低于CK和T1处理(P<0.05)。T2处理玉米的产量、穗粒数、百粒质量、光能利用率、水分利用效率和肥料利用率均显著高于CK和T1处理(P<0.05)。采用优化栽培模式(T2处理),半干旱区玉米在产量、生长发育、资源利用效率、叶片生理特性和氮代谢酶活性方面均表现较佳,这种栽培模式相比传统的农户模式,更适合作为吉林省西部半干旱区玉米栽培的一种优化栽培模式进行推广应用。

In order to systematically study the physiological response mechanism of maize to different cultivation patterns in semi-arid area,and provide effective cultivation patterns for western semi-arid area of Jilin Province.Field experiments were conducted to set up three cultivation patterns:control pattern(CK),farmers′habit pattern(T1)and optimized cultivation pattern(T2).The effects of cultivation pattern on yield formation,growth and development,leaf physiological characteristics and resource utilization of maize were studied.The results showed that the dry matter accumulation of T2 treatment significantly increased at mature stage(R6)(P<0.05),leaf area index(LAI)significantly increased at R3 and R6 stages(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in plant height between T1 and T2 treatment(P>0.05),but the plant height of T2 treatment was higher than that of T1 treatment.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs)and apparent mesophyll conductance(AMC)of T2 treatment increased significantly compared with CK and T1 treatments at R1 and R3 stages(P<0.05),while stomatal limit value(Ls)decreased significantly at R3 stage(P<0.05).The maximum photosynthetic efficiency(Fv/Fm),actual photosynthetic efficiency(ΦPSⅡ),photochemical quenching coefficient(qP)and electron transfer efficiency(ETR)of photosystemⅡincreased significantly at R3 stage(P<0.05).The activities of glutamine synthetase(GS)of T2 treatments were significantly higher than that of CK and T1 treatments at R3 stage(P<0.05),and the activities of glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH)were significantly lower than that of CK and T1 treatments(P<0.05).The yield,grain number per ear,100-grain weight,light use efficiency,water use efficiency and fertilizer use efficiency of T2 treatment were significantly higher than those of CK and T1 treatment(P<0.05).According to the comprehensive analysis,the yield,growth and development,resource utilization efficiency,photosynthetic physiological characteristics and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities of maize in semi-arid area were better by using the optimized cultivation pattern(T2 treatment).This cultivation pattern was more suitable to be popularized and applied as an optimized cultivation pattern of maize in semi-arid area of western Jilin Province compared with the traditional farmer pattern.