敬天勤民:耕耤典礼与十八世纪清王朝治国理念的建构

Revere Heaven and Serve Thy People:Ploughing Ceremony and Construction of the Qing Dynasty’s Governance Philosophy in the 18^(th) Century

清代耕耤典礼是一项关系国计民生的国家礼仪,在18世纪的中国,随着民族、民生等社会问题日益凸显,统治者根据国家治理的需要,在吸收借鉴传统耕耤典礼的基础上,围绕“敬天勤民”的治国理念,恢复重建有本朝特色的耕耤典礼。清代重视发挥耕耤典礼的社会教化作用,在利用亲耕仪式塑造圣君形象、培养帝王德行的同时,将其推广至各省府州县各级衙门,耕耤典礼由此演变成为一场全民性的劳动教育仪式,从而为整个国家的发展提供了强大的精神动力、价值规范,并为中国文明的发展、延续烙下了深刻的时代印记。

In the Qing Dynasty,agriculture as the state’s foundation was gaining increasing attention.In the 18th century,the rulers put forward the governance philosophy“Revere Heaven and Serve Thy People”to meet the need of state governance.Therefore,Ploughing Ceremony with distinct characteristics of the time was reconstructed to encourage farming and reinforce governance.Rulers of the Qing Dynasty paid special attention to the Ploughing Ceremony and made effort to turn it into a political ceremony with all the people participating so as to establish the image of the saintly emperor and provide values and norms for better operation of the empire.At the same time,in order to solve livelihood problems,rulers of the Qing Dynasty had a craving to the pro-ploughing ritual.Therefore,diligence had become the common ideal and belief during this period,and this provides certain impetus for social and economic development.The Ploughing Ceremony of the Qing Dynasty as an important part of the development of traditional Chinese etiquette culture,helped to shape the national spirit of hard work,and left a deep imprint on the development of the Chinese nation.