生物炭在农业及中药材栽培中的应用研究进展

Research progress on application of biochar in cultivation of agriculture and Chinese materia medica

生物炭是生物质在缺氧或者低氧状态下经高温(250~700℃)热解形成的一种高度芳香化、富含碳素的固态物质,具有比表面积大、孔隙丰富等特征。近年来,生物炭作为一种良好的土壤改良剂,在改善土壤根际微生态环境、促进植物生长发育、提高植物抗逆性等方面的优势逐渐凸显。研究表明,生物炭通过改良土壤理化性质、调整微生物群落结构、参与植物体内代谢过程、诱导植物增强抗性等方面来影响植物的生长发育过程。该文总结了生物炭在农业中应用的研究进展,介绍了生物炭在植物种子萌发、幼苗生长、作物产量及抗逆性等方面的生态学效应及其作用机制。结合中药材自身的特点,重点分析了生物炭在提高中药材次生代谢产物的含量及缓解连作障碍等方面的应用潜力。提出未来还需加强生物炭在药用植物次生代谢生物合成、化感作用以及重金属胁迫等方面的研究,深入揭示生物炭调控药用植物的次生代谢、缓解中药连作障碍及降低重金属含量的作用机制,以期为生物炭在中药材栽培中的应用研究提供参考。

Biochar is a kind of solid material with high aromatization and rich in carbon, which is formed by pyrolysis of biomass at high temperature(250-700 ℃) under anoxic or hypoxic conditions. It has the characteristics of large specific surface area and rich pores. In recent years, as a good soil conditioner, biochar has gradually improved its advantages in improving soil rhizosphere micro ecological environment, promoting plant growth and development, and enhancing plant resistance, etc. It has been proved that biochar can affect the growth and development of plants by improving soil physical and chemical properties, adjusting microbial community structure, participating in the metabolic process in plants, and inducing plants to enhance resistance. This paper summarized the research progress of biochar application in agriculture and introduced the ecological effects and mechanism of biochar on plant seed germination, seedling growth, crop yield and stress resistance. Combined with the characteristics of Chinese materia medica, this paper expounds the application potential of biochar in improving the content of secondary metabolites of Chinese materia medica and alleviating continuous cropping obstacles of Chinese materia medica, etc. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the research of biochar in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, allelopathy and heavy metal stress of medicinal plants, so as to provide reference for the application of biochar in the cultivation of Chinese materia medica.