向右无量化:“都”的性质再认识

Rightward modification and no quantification: The properties of dou(都) revisited

本文对现代汉语总括副词"都"的"左向全称量化"观提出不同意见。本文认为,"都"是一个分配性谓词的标记词,它确保其右侧谓词的分配性性质,而其本身并不对名词词组起量化或总括作用。文章进而从四个方面对该观点进行说明:第一,无"都"句的谓语和复数主语之间也存在全称量化关系;第二,"都"的分配性只作用于谓词,且不能保证其左侧名词词组成员达到物理世界上的均分;第三,不存在"都"对右侧名词词组的全称量化,某些"都"字右侧名词词组的排他性来自其他因素;第四,重新审视"都"与"每""全""各"等相关虚词的关系。最后,文章简要地检讨了"组合性原则"在研究"都"实践中的得与失。

In opposition to the traditional viewpoint that dou(都)is an adverb of"leftward universal quantification",this paper claims that dou should be an overt marker of distributive predicate.It ensures the distributive property of the predicate to its right and does not quantify any plural noun phrases directly.This can be explained by the following facts:Firstly,plural subjects in sentences without dou can also be quantified by the predicate;Secondly,dou can only guarantee the distributive nature of the predicate on its right,and it cannot ensure the absolute average distribution between members denoted by the plural NP on its left;Thirdly,dou cannot quantify the NPs on its right as their exclusiveness is assigned by some other factors.In addition,the relation between dou,mei(每),quan(全),and ge(各)is re-examined under the new proposal of"rightward modification and no quantification".The strength and weakness of the Principle of Compositionality when applied in the analysis of dou is also briefly discussed at the end of the paper.